Pain that seems to be coming from joints can sometimes be coming from structures outside the joints, such as ligaments, tendons, or muscles (see Introduction to the Biology of the Musculoskeletal System). Examples of such disorders are bursitis and tendinitis.
True joint pain (arthralgia) may or not be accompanied by joint inflammation (arthritis). The most common symptom of joint inflammation is pain. Inflamed joints may also be warm and swollen, and less often the overlying skin may be red. Arthritis may involve only joints of the limbs or also joints of the central part of the skeleton, such as the spine or pelvis. Pain may occur only when a joint is moved or may be present at rest. Other symptoms, such as rash, fever, eye pain, or mouth sores, may be present depending on the cause of the joint pain.
Different disorders tend to affect different numbers of joints. Because of this, doctors consider different causes of pain when the pain affects one joint (see Joint Pain: Single Joint) than when it affects more than one joint. When multiple joints are involved, some disorders are more likely to affect the same joint on both sides of the body (for example, both knees or both hands) than other disorders. This is termed symmetric arthritis. Also, in some disorders, an attack of arthritis remains in the same joints throughout the attack. In other disorders, the arthritis moves from joint to joint (migratory arthritis).
Causes
In most cases, the cause of pain originating inside multiple joints is arthritis. Disorders that cause arthritis may differ from each other in certain tendencies, such as the following:
Acute arthritis affecting multiple joints is most often due to
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Viral infection
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The beginning of a joint disorder or a flare up of an existing chronic joint disorder (such as rheumatoid arthritis or psoriatic arthritis)
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Gout or calcium pyrophosphate arthritis (previously called pseudogout)
Less common causes of acute arthritis in multiple joints include Lyme disease (which also may affect only one joint), gonorrhea and streptococcal bacterial infections, reactive arthritis (arthritis that develops after an infection of the digestive or urinary tract), and gout.
Chronic arthritis affecting multiple joints is most often due to
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Inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, or systemic lupus erythematosus (in adults)
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The noninflammatory disorder osteoarthritis (in adults)
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Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (in children)
Some chronic inflammatory disorders can affect the spine as well as the limb joints (called the peripheral joints). Some affect certain parts of the spine more frequently. For example, ankylosing spondylitis more commonly affects the lower (lumbar) part of the spine, whereas rheumatoid arthritis more typically affects the upper (cervical) part of the spine in the neck.
The most common disorders outside the joints that cause pain around the joints are
Bursitis and tendinitis often result from injury, usually affecting only one joint. However, certain disorders cause bursitis or tendinitis in many joints.
Evaluation
In evaluating joint pain, doctors first try to decide whether joint pain is caused by a disorder of the joints or a serious bodywide (systemic) illness. Serious bodywide disorders may need specific immediate treatment. The following information can help people decide when to see a doctor and know what to expect during the evaluation.
Warning signs
When to see a doctor
People with warning signs should see a doctor right away. People without warning signs should call a doctor. The doctor decides how quickly they need to be seen based on the severity and location of pain, whether joints are swollen, whether the cause has been diagnosed previously, and other factors. Typically, a delay of several days or so is not harmful for people without warning signs.
What the doctor does
Doctors first ask questions about the person's symptoms and medical history. Then they do a physical examination. What doctors find during the history and physical examination often suggests a cause for joint pain and guides the tests that may need to be done (see table Some Causes and Features of Pain in More Than One Joint).
Doctors ask about pain severity, onset (sudden or gradual), how symptoms vary over time, and what increases or decreases pain (for example, rest or movement or time of day when the symptoms worsen or abate). They ask about joint stiffness and swelling, previously diagnosed joint disorders, and risk of exposure to sexually transmitted diseases and Lyme disease.
Doctors then do a complete physical examination. They check all joints (including those of the spine) for swelling, redness, warmth, tenderness, and noises that are made when the joints are moved (called crepitus). The joints are moved through their full range of motion, first by the person without assistance (called active range of motion) and then by the doctor (called passive range of motion). This examination helps determine which structure is causing the pain and if inflammation is present. They also check the eyes, mouth, nose, and genital area for sores or other signs of inflammation. The skin is examined for rashes. Lymph nodes are felt and the lungs and heart examined. Doctors usually test function of the nervous system so that they can detect disorders of the muscles or nerves.
Some findings give helpful clues as to the cause. For example, if the tenderness is around the joint but not over the joint, bursitis or tendinitis is likely the cause. If tenderness is present all over, fibromyalgia is possible. If the spine is tender as well as the joints, possible causes include osteoarthritis, reactive arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and psoriatic arthritis. Findings in the hand can help doctors differentiate between rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, two particularly common types of arthritis. For example, rheumatoid arthritis is more likely to involve the large knuckle joints (those that join the fingers with the hand) and wrist. Osteoarthritis is more likely to involve the finger joint near the fingernail. The wrist is unlikely to be affected in osteoarthritis, except at the base of the thumb.
Some Causes and Features of Pain in More Than One Joint
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Cause |
Common Features* |
Tests† |
Disorders usually causing symmetric joint pain |
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Joints not inflamed Chronic widespread pain and tenderness of muscles (that may involve joints and/or the back) Fatigue Sometimes irritable bowel syndrome or sleep disturbances Usually chronic, often affecting women Often depression or other mood disorders |
Sometimes testing unnecessary |
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Infectious arthritis caused by viruses |
Joint pain with or without inflammation, typically developing over hours or days Other symptoms of viral infection (for example, hepatitis B may cause jaundice, hepatitis C may cause purple blotches on legs, and HIV causes swollen lymph nodes) |
Analysis of joint fluid Blood tests to identify the virus (most often hepatitis C or B or parvovirus) |
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Chronic,‡ symmetric joint inflammation during childhood Lower back pain Swollen glands throughout the body or episodes of fever An enlarged liver and spleen Excess fluid around the heart or lungs Rash or eye pain and redness |
Blood tests for autoantibodies§ |
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Other diseases that cause joint inflammation (such as Sjögren syndrome and systemic sclerosis) |
Pain in many joints with or without mild swelling |
Blood tests for autoantibodies§ |
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Chronic,‡ symmetric inflammation of small and large joints Fatigue and morning stiffness Eventually, deformity of joints (particularly the knuckles and wrist joints) Sometimes hard swellings under the skin and carpal tunnel syndrome More common among young adults but can affect people aged 60 or older |
X-rays Blood tests for autoantibodies§ |
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Serum sickness (a reaction by the immune system against large amounts of foreign proteins in the bloodstream) |
Pain and inflammation in several joints Fever, rash, and swollen glands In people known to have been exposed to foreign proteins (for example, from a blood transfusion) up to 21 days before the start of symptoms |
Sometimes blood tests |
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Syndromes that cause unusual joint flexibility (such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome) |
Usually pain in many joints Joint inflammation very uncommon Increased looseness (laxity) of skin In people known to have a history of recurring joint dislocations or misalignment In people known to have affected family members |
Sometimes genetic testing |
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Systemic lupus erythematosus and other, less common, autoimmune diseases (for example, autoimmune myositis, Sjögren syndrome, and vasculitis such as immunoglobulin─A associated vasculitis) |
Joint pain‡ with or without inflammation that can occur when the disorder flares up Other symptoms depending on specific autoimmune disease, such as skin changes; abdominal pain; muscle soreness; kidney disease; fluid around the lungs, heart, or other organs (serositis); or dry eyes and dry mouth |
Blood tests for various autoantibodies§ Sometimes biopsy of skin, kidney, or other involved organs Analysis of urine |
Disorders usually causing asymmetric joint pain |
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Involvement of the large joints Lower back pain in most people Eye redness and pain (iritis) Achilles tendinitis Leakage of blood back through the aortic valve (aortic insufficiency) |
X-rays Sometimes CT or MRI |
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Chronic‡ or recurrent mouth and genital ulcers Sometimes eye pain and redness Often begins in the 20s Usually in parts of Asia and the middle east (relatively rare in the United States) |
Sometimes testing unnecessary |
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Gout and related disorders (for example, calcium pyrophosphate arthritis [previously called pseudogout]) |
Sudden and severe pain, warmth, and swelling (particularly in the big toe or knee, but can be almost any joint) Sometimes fever Often only one joint affected, but sometimes many |
Tests of joint fluid |
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Infective endocarditis (infection of the lining of the heart and usually also of the heart valves) |
Joint pain and swelling Fever, night sweats, rash, weight loss, and heart murmur are common |
Blood tests Echocardiography |
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Chronic pain, most often in the knees and hips and small joints in the fingers, which may also be enlarged and slightly deformed No redness Often back and neck pain |
X-rays |
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Psoriasis (sometimes with few or no skin lesions) Sometimes chronic,‡ symmetric inflammation of joints Chronic deformities of fingers, toes, and nails Tendinitis Eye redness and pain |
X-rays |
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Reactive arthritis and enteropathic arthritis |
Sudden pain, usually involving the large joints of the legs or feet, often 1 to 3 weeks after an infection of the gastrointestinal tract (such as gastroenteritis) or genitourinary tract (such as urethritis) Sometimes involvement of the spine |
Tests for sexually transmitted diseases |
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* Features include symptoms and the results of the doctor's examination. Features mentioned are typical but not always present. |
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† X-rays are often unnecessary. If fluid is in the joint, the fluid often needs to be removed for testing. |
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‡ Symptoms may begin suddenly, but the disorder is typically chronic or comes and goes. |
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§ Autoantibodies are antibodies directed against a person's own tissues. Examples include antinuclear antibodies, anti–double-stranded DNA, anticyclic citrullinated peptide, and rheumatoid factor. |
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CT = computed tomography; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging. |
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Testing
The following tests are the most important overall:
If joints are swollen, doctors usually insert a needle into the joint to take a sample of the fluid in the joint for testing (a procedure called joint aspiration or arthrocentesis). Doctors numb the area before taking a sample, so people experience little or no pain during the procedure. Doctors generally do a culture on the fluid to see whether infection is present. They look under a microscope for crystals in the fluid, which indicate gout or related disorders. The numbers of white blood cells in the fluid indicate whether the joint is inflamed.
Doctors also often do blood tests for autoantibodies. Examples of such tests are antinuclear antibodies, anti–double-stranded DNA, anticyclic citrullinated peptide, and rheumatoid factor. Autoantibodies in the blood may indicate an autoimmune disorder such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus.
The ESR is a test that measures the rate at which red blood cells settle to the bottom of a test tube containing a blood sample. Blood that settles quickly typically means that bodywide (systemic) inflammation is likely, but many factors can affect the ESR test including age and anemia, so the test is sometimes inaccurate. To help determine whether bodywide inflammation is present, doctors sometimes do another blood test called C-reactive protein (a protein that circulates in the blood and dramatically increases in level when there is inflammation).
Imaging tests are sometimes necessary, especially if there is a possibility of bone or joint tumors. X-rays are done first, but sometimes computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is needed.
If a particular disorder is suspected, other tests may be required (see table Some Causes and Features of Pain in More Than One Joint).
Treatment
The underlying disorder is treated. For example, people with an autoimmune disorder (such as systemic lupus erythematosus) may need a drug that suppresses the immune system. People with a gonorrhea infection in the joint need antibiotics.
Symptoms can usually be relieved before the diagnosis is known. Inflammation can usually be relieved with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Pain without inflammation is usually treated more safely with acetaminophen. Immobilizing the joint with a splint or sling can sometimes relieve pain. Applying heat (for example, with a heating pad) may decrease pain by relieving spasm in the muscles around joints (for example, after an injury). Applying cold (for example, with ice) may help relieve pain caused by joint inflammation. Heat or cold should be applied for at least 15 minutes at a time to allow deep penetration. The skin must be protected from extremes of heat and cold. For example, ice should be put in a plastic bag and wrapped in a towel.
After the acute pain and inflammation have lessened, physical therapy may be useful to regain or maintain range of motion and strengthen surrounding muscles. In people with chronic arthritis, continued physical activity is important to prevent permanent joint stiffness (contractures) and muscle loss (atrophy).
Essentials for Older People
Osteoarthritis is the most common cause of multiple joint pains in the elderly. Although more common among younger adults (those aged 30 to 40), rheumatoid arthritis can also begin later in life (after age 60). Older adults who may have rheumatoid arthritis may also have cancer. People over age 55 who have hip and shoulder stiffness and pain that is usually worse in the morning may have polymyalgia rheumatica. Recognizing polymyalgia rheumatica is important because treating it can help prevent other problems. Gout in older women tends to affect the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints of the hands (the first knuckles from the tip of the fingers).
Key Points
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Acute pain in multiple joints is most often due to inflammation, gout, or the beginning or flare up of a chronic joint disorder.
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Chronic pain in multiple joints is usually due to osteoarthritis or an inflammatory disorder (such as rheumatoid arthritis) or, in children, juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
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When significant fluid accumulates inside of a joint, a fluid sample usually must be withdrawn and tested.
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Lifelong physical activity helps maintain range of motion in people with chronic arthritis.
