Overview of Infectious Disease
What is an infection?
An infection is when microorganisms (germs) invade part of your body and make you sick.
What are microorganisms?
"Micro" means small, so microorganisms are tiny living creatures. They're so small they can't be seen without a microscope. There are many different kinds of microorganisms, including:
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Bacteria, such as E. coli
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Viruses, such as the rhinovirus, which causes the common cold
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Fungi, such as yeast, which causes yeast infections
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Parasites, such as lice
The term "germs" refers to the different types of microorganisms that can cause disease.
Where do germs come from?
Do all germs make people sick?
Many germs don't cause infection. Some are even helpful. Many of the germs that live on your skin or in your body are normal and don't hurt you. These are called your resident flora.
Other germs don't normally live in or on your body and can make you sick. Examples are the hepatitis virus or the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
How do people get infections?
An infection is caused by harmful germs entering your body. They can enter your body through:
Germs can get in your mouth if you eat or drink something with germs in it. They can also get in your nose or mouth if you touch something contaminated with germs and then touch your nose or mouth.
When they get into your body, harmful germs multiply and make you sick.
Sometimes the normal germs in your body get in the wrong place. For example, the normal bacteria in your intestines can cause an infection if they get into your bladder or into your bloodstream.
How does my body defend against infections?
Your body has many ways to defend against infections:
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Your skin keeps germs out
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The mucus in your nose, throat, eyes, vagina, and intestines washes germs away and contains substances that can kill them
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Your immune system attacks germs inside your body
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Fever (high body temperature) helps kill germs
Your immune system uses white blood cells to recognize harmful germs. Some white blood cells kill germs directly. Others make substances called antibodies that kill germs.
Who's at high risk of infection?
Babies and very old people are more likely to get infections because their body's defenses aren't as strong.
Other things that increase your risk of infection include:
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Diseases that weaken your immune system, such as AIDS, cancer, or diabetes
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Drugs that interfere with your immune system, such as chemotherapy for cancer or corticosteroids
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Medical devices in your body, such as IVs, tubes to drain urine (catheters), breathing tubes in your windpipe, or artificial joints
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Radiation therapy for cancer
What are the symptoms of infection?
Symptoms depend on:
Infection in just one part of your body usually causes pain. For example, a lung infection (pneumonia) can cause chest pain. A brain infection causes headache. An infection under your skin (skin abscess) can swell up, turn red, and be painful.
Infections that affect a lot of your body can cause many different symptoms. Some common general symptoms include:
If you have an infection that isn't treated for a long time, you may lose weight.
How do doctors tell if I have an infection?
How do doctors treat infection?
How can I prevent infections?
To prevent infections:
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Wash your hands often, especially if you handle food or have a lot of contact with people
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Get the vaccinations your doctor says you need
