Warts are almost universal in the population; they affect patients of all ages but are most common among children and are uncommon among older adults.
Etiology of Warts
Warts are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection Human papillomavirus (HPV) infects epithelial cells. Most of the > 100 subtypes infect cutaneous epithelium and cause skin warts; some types infect mucosal epithelium and cause anogenital warts... read more ; there are over 100 HPV subtypes (1 Etiology reference Warts are common, benign, epidermal lesions caused by human papillomavirus infection. They can appear anywhere on the body in a variety of morphologies. Diagnosis is by examination. Warts are... read more
).
Trauma and maceration facilitate initial epidermal inoculation. Spread may then occur by autoinoculation. Local and systemic immune factors appear to influence spread; immunosuppressed patients (especially those with HIV infection or a kidney transplant) are at particular risk of developing generalized lesions that are difficult to treat.
Humoral immunity Acquired immunity The immune system distinguishes self from nonself and eliminates potentially harmful nonself molecules and cells from the body. The immune system also has the capacity to recognize and destroy... read more provides resistance to HPV infection; cellular immunity helps established infection to regress.
Etiology reference
1. Haley CT, Mui UN, Vangipuram R, et al: Human oncoviruses: Mucocutaneous manifestation, pathogenesis, therapeutics, and prevention. Papillomaviruses and Merkel cell polyomavirus. J Am Acad Dermatol 81:1–21, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.09.062
Symptoms and Signs of Warts
Warts are named by their clinical appearance and location; different forms are linked to different HPV types (for unusual manifestations, see table ). Most types are usually asymptomatic. However, some warts are tender, so those on weight-bearing surfaces (eg, bottom of the feet) may cause mild pain.
Common warts
Common warts (verrucae vulgaris) are caused by HPV types 1, 2, 4, and 7 and occasionally other types in immunosuppressed patients (eg, 75 to 77).
They are usually asymptomatic but sometimes cause mild pain when they are located on a weight-bearing surface (eg, bottom of the feet).
Common warts are sharply demarcated, rough, round or irregular, firm, and light gray, yellow, brown, or gray-black nodules 2 to 10 mm in diameter. They appear most often on sites subject to trauma (eg, fingers, elbows, knees, face) but may spread elsewhere. Variants of unusual shape (eg, pedunculated or resembling a cauliflower) appear most frequently on the head and neck, especially the scalp and beard area.
Palmar warts and plantar warts
These warts are caused by HPV types 1, 2, and 4. They occur on the palms and soles.
Palmar and plantar warts are flattened by pressure and surrounded by cornified epithelium. They are often tender, and plantar warts can make walking and standing uncomfortable. They can be distinguished from corns and calluses Calluses and Corns Calluses and corns are circumscribed areas of hyperkeratosis at a site of intermittent pressure or friction. Calluses are more superficial, cover broader areas of skin, and are usually asymptomatic... read more by their tendency to pinpoint bleeding when the surface is pared away.
Flat warts (plane warts)
Flat warts are caused by HPV types 3 and 10 and occasionally 26 to 29 and 41. They are more common among children and young adults and develop by autoinoculation.
These warts are smooth, flat-topped, yellow-brown, pink, or skin-colored papules, most often located on the face and along scratch marks.
They generally cause no symptoms but are usually difficult to treat.
Mosaic warts
Mosaic warts are plaques formed by the coalescence of myriad smaller, closely set plantar warts. As with other plantar warts, they are often tender.
Filiform warts
These warts are long, narrow, frondlike growths, usually located on the eyelids, face, neck, or lips. They are usually asymptomatic.
This morphologically distinct variant of the common wart is benign and easy to treat.
Periungual warts
Periungual warts are caused by HPV types 1, 2, 4, and 7.
These warts appear as thickened, fissured, cauliflower-like skin around the nail plate. They are usually asymptomatic, but the fissures cause pain as the warts enlarge. Patients frequently lose the cuticle and are susceptible to paronychia Acute Paronychia Paronychia is infection of the periungual tissues. Acute paronychia causes redness, warmth, and pain along the nail margin. Diagnosis is by inspection. Treatment is with antistaphylococcal antibiotics... read more .
Periungual warts are more common among patients who bite their nails or who have occupations where their hands are chronically wet such as dishwashers and bartenders.
Genital warts
Genital warts Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection Human papillomavirus (HPV) infects epithelial cells. Most of the > 100 subtypes infect cutaneous epithelium and cause skin warts; some types infect mucosal epithelium and cause anogenital warts... read more are caused by HPV type 6 or 11 (most commonly) and by types 1a, 2, 4, 7, 16, 18, 27b, 27, 33, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 57b, 57c, 61, 72, 81, and 89 (1 Genital warts reference Warts are common, benign, epidermal lesions caused by human papillomavirus infection. They can appear anywhere on the body in a variety of morphologies. Diagnosis is by examination. Warts are... read more
).
These warts manifest as discrete flat to broad-based smooth to velvety papules to rough and pedunculated excrescences on the perineal, perirectal, labial, and penile areas. They are usually asymptomatic, but perirectal warts often itch.
Infection with high-risk HPV types (most notably types 16 and 18 but also types 31, 33, 35, and 39) is the main cause of cervical cancer Cervical Cancer Cervical cancer is usually squamous cell carcinoma; adenocarcinoma is less common. The cause of most cervical cancers is human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Cervical neoplasia is often asymptomatic... read more .
Genital warts reference
1. Al-Awadhi R, Al-Mutairi N, Albatineh AN, Chehadeh W: Association of HPV genotypes with external anogenital warts: A cross sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 19(1):375, 2019. doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-4005-4
Diagnosis of Warts
Clinical evaluation
Rarely biopsy
Diagnosis of warts is based on clinical appearance; biopsy is rarely needed.
A cardinal sign of warts is the absence of skin lines crossing their surface and the presence of pinpoint black dots (thrombosed capillaries) or bleeding when warts are shaved. Shaving is typically done without anesthesia.
Differential diagnosis of warts includes the following:
Corns Calluses and Corns Calluses and corns are circumscribed areas of hyperkeratosis at a site of intermittent pressure or friction. Calluses are more superficial, cover broader areas of skin, and are usually asymptomatic... read more
(clavi): May obscure skin lines but do not have thrombosed capillaries when shaved
Lichen planus Lichen Planus Lichen planus is a recurrent, pruritic, inflammatory eruption characterized by small, discrete, polygonal, flat-topped, violaceous papules that may coalesce into rough scaly plaques, often accompanied... read more
: May mimic flat warts but may be accompanied by lacy oral lesions and Wickham striae and may be symmetrically distributed
Seborrheic keratosis Seborrheic Keratoses Seborrheic keratoses are superficial, often pigmented, epithelial lesions that are usually verrucous but may occur as smooth papules. The cause of seborrheic keratosis is unknown, but genetic... read more
: May appear more stuck on, be pigmented, and include keratin-filled horn cysts
Skin tags Skin Tags Skin tags are common, soft, small, flesh-colored or hyperpigmented, pedunculated lesions; there are usually multiple lesions, typically on the neck, axilla, and groin. Multiple skin tags may... read more
(achrocordon): May be pedunculated and smoother and more skin-colored than warts
Squamous cell carcinoma Squamous Cell Carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant tumor of epidermal keratinocytes that invades the dermis; this cancer usually occurs in sun-exposed areas. Local destruction may be extensive, and metastases... read more
: May be ulcerated, persistent, and grow irregularly
DNA typing of the virus is available in some medical centers but is generally not needed.
Treatment of Warts
Topical irritants (eg, salicylic acid, cantharidin, podophyllum resin)
Destructive methods (eg, cryosurgery, electrocautery, curettage, excision, laser)
Other topical therapies, intralesional injection therapies, or combinations
There are no firm indications for treatment of warts.
Treatment should be considered for warts that are cosmetically unacceptable, in locations that interfere with function, or painful. Patients should be motivated to adhere to treatment, which may require a prolonged course and can be unsuccessful. Treatments are less successful in patients with immunocompromise.
Mechanisms of many irritants include eliciting an immune response to HPV. Such irritants include salicylic acid (SCA), trichloroacetic acid, 5-fluorouracil, podophyllum resin (eg, podofilox), tretinoin, and cantharidin. Sinecatechins can be used for genital warts.
Topical imiquimod 5% cream induces skin cells to locally produce antiviral cytokines. Topical cidofovir and contact immunotherapy (eg, squaric acid dibutyl ester and Candida antigen) have been used to treat warts. Warts can first be soaked in hot water at 113° F for 30 minutes ≥ 3 times/week. After soaking, the skin is more permeable to topical agents. Candida antigen can also be injected directly into the lesions.
Oral treatments include cimetidine (which has questionable efficacy), isotretinoin, and zinc. IV cidofovir can also be used. In most instances, modalities should be combined to increase the likelihood of success. Direct antiviral effects can be achieved with intralesional injection of bleomycin and interferon alfa-2b, but these treatments are reserved for the most recalcitrant warts.
These drugs can be used in combination with a destructive method (eg, cryosurgery, electrocautery, curettage, excision, laser) because even though a wart may be physically removed by a destructive method, virus may remain in the tissues and cause recurrence.
Intralesional injections can be used to treat warts that are refractory, multiple, or in sensitive areas (1 Treatment references Warts are common, benign, epidermal lesions caused by human papillomavirus infection. They can appear anywhere on the body in a variety of morphologies. Diagnosis is by examination. Warts are... read more ).
For treatment of anogenital warts, see also treatment of human papillomavirus infection Treatment Human papillomavirus (HPV) infects epithelial cells. Most of the > 100 subtypes infect cutaneous epithelium and cause skin warts; some types infect mucosal epithelium and cause anogenital warts... read more .
Common warts
In immunocompetent patients, common warts usually spontaneously regress within 2 to 4 years, but some linger for many years. Numerous treatments are available. Destructive methods include electrocautery, cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen, and laser surgery. Salicylic acid preparations are also commonly used.
Which method is used depends on the location and severity of involvement.
Salicylic acid (SCA) is the most common topical agent used. SCA is available as a liquid or plaster or impregnated within tape. For example, SCA 17% liquid can be used on the fingers, and SCA 40% plaster can be used on the soles. Patients apply SCA to their warts at night and leave it on for 8 to 48 hours depending on the site. SCA may be occluded with tape to enhance penetration. SCA may be compounded with 5-fluorouracil in various formulations for treatment of common warts on the palms and soles.
Cantharidin (0.7% on thin-skinned areas and 1% on thicker-skinned areas) can be used alone or in combination with SCA 30% and podophyllum 5% in a collodion base. Cantharidin alone is removed with soap and water after 6 hours; cantharidin with SCA or podophyllum is removed in 2 hours. The longer these agents are left in contact with the skin, the more brisk the blistering response.
Cryosurgery is painful but extremely effective. Electrodesiccation with curettage, laser surgery, or both is effective and indicated for isolated lesions but may cause scarring.
Recurrent or new warts occur in about 35% of patients within 1 year; therefore, methods that scar should be avoided as much as possible so that multiple scars do not accumulate. When possible, scarring treatments are reserved for cosmetically unimportant areas and recalcitrant warts.
Filiform warts
Treatment of filiform warts is removal with scalpel, scissors, curettage, or liquid nitrogen. Liquid nitrogen should be applied so that up to 2 mm of skin surrounding the wart turns white. Damage to the skin occurs when the skin thaws, which usually takes 10 to 20 seconds. Blisters can occur 24 to 48 hours after treatment with liquid nitrogen.
Care must be taken when treating cosmetically sensitive sites, such as the face and neck, because hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation frequently occurs after treatment with liquid nitrogen. Patients with darkly pigmented skin can develop permanent depigmentation.
Flat warts
Treatment of flat warts is difficult, and flat warts are often longer-lasting than common warts, recalcitrant to treatments, and, in cosmetically important areas, make the most effective (destructive) methods less desirable.
Usual first-line treatment is daily tretinoin (retinoic acid 0.05% cream). If peeling is not sufficient for wart removal, another irritant (eg, 5% benzoyl peroxide) or 5% SCA cream can be applied sequentially with tretinoin. Imiquimod 5% cream can be used alone or in combination with topical agents or destructive measures. Topical 5-fluorouracil 1% or 5% cream can also be used.
Plantar warts
Treatment of plantar warts is vigorous maceration with 40% SCA plaster kept in place for several days. The combination of 17% SCA and 2.5% 5-fluorouracil under tape occlusion for 8 to 12 hours is also effective. The wart is then debrided while damp and soft, followed by destruction by freezing or using caustics (eg, 30 to 70% trichloroacetic acid).
Other destructive treatments (eg, CO2 laser, pulsed-dye laser, various acids) are often effective.
Periungual warts
Combination therapy with liquid nitrogen and imiquimod 5% cream, tretinoin, or SCA is effective and usually safer than liquid nitrogen alone or cautery.
Using liquid nitrogen and cautery to treat periungual and lateral finger warts should be done carefully because overly aggressive treatment can cause permanent nail deformity and rarely nerve injury.
Recalcitrant warts
Several methods are available for the treatment of recalcitrant warts, but long-term value and risks are not fully known.
Intralesional injection of small amounts of a 0.1% solution of bleomycin in saline often cures stubborn plantar and periungual warts. However, Raynaud syndrome Raynaud Syndrome Raynaud syndrome is vasospasm of parts of the hand in response to cold or emotional stress, causing reversible discomfort and color changes (pallor, cyanosis, erythema, or a combination) in... read more or vascular damage may develop in injected digits, especially when the solution is injected at the base of the digit, so caution is warranted.
Intralesional injection of Candida antigen has also been reported to be moderately effective for recalcitrant warts.
Interferon, especially interferon alfa, given intralesionally (3 times/week for 3 to 5 weeks) or intramuscularly, has also cleared recalcitrant skin and genital warts.
Extensive warts sometimes abate or clear with oral isotretinoin or acitretin.
The 9-valent HPV vaccine has been reported as useful for recalcitrant warts in children, but efficacy of this intervention is not proved (2 Treatment references Warts are common, benign, epidermal lesions caused by human papillomavirus infection. They can appear anywhere on the body in a variety of morphologies. Diagnosis is by examination. Warts are... read more ).
Treatment references
1. Muse ME, Stiff KM, Glines KR, et al: A review of intralesional wart therapy. Dermatol Online J 26(3):13030/qt3md9z8gj, 2020.
2. Kost Y, Zhu TH, Blasiak RC: Clearance of recalcitrant warts in a pediatric patient following administration of the nine-valent human papillomavirus vaccine. Pediatr Dermatol 37(4):748–749, 2020. doi: 10.1111/pde.14150
Prognosis for Warts
Many warts regress spontaneously (particularly common warts); others persist for years and recur at the same or different sites, even with treatment. Factors influencing recurrence appear to be related to the patient’s overall immune status as well as local factors. Patients subject to local trauma (eg, athletes, mechanics, butchers) may have recalcitrant and recurrent HPV infection.
Genital HPV infection has malignant potential, but malignant transformation is rare in HPV-induced skin warts, except among immunosuppressed patients.
Prevention of Warts
HPV vaccines Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted disease. HPV can cause skin warts, genital warts, or certain cancers, depending on the type of HPV. Vaccines are... read more protect against some of the types of HPV that cause warts and cancer.
Key Points
Cutaneous warts are caused by human papillomaviruses, are very common, and have multiple forms.
Spread is usually by autoinoculation and is facilitated by trauma and maceration.
Most warts are asymptomatic but can be mildly painful with pressure.
Most warts resolve spontaneously, particularly common warts.
Treatments, when indicated, commonly include topical irritants (eg, salicylic acid, cantharidin, podophyllum resin) and/or destructive methods (eg, cryosurgery, electrocautery, curettage, excision, laser).
Recalcitrant warts can be treated with other intralesional and oral agents as well as the 9-valent HPV vaccine.
Drugs Mentioned In This Article
Drug Name | Select Trade |
---|---|
cantharidin |
Ycanth |
salicylic acid |
Akurza , Aliclen, Bensal HP, Clear Away, Clear Away Liquid, Clear Away One Step, Clear Away Plantar, Clearasil Rapid Rescue Deep Treatment, Compound W, Compound W Total Care Wart & Skin, Corn/Callus Remover, Curad Mediplast, DermacinRx Atrix, DermacinRx Salicate, Dermarest Psoriasis Moisturizer, Dermarest Psoriasis Overnight Treatment, Dermarest Psoriasis Scalp Treatment, Dermarest Psoriasis Shampoo plus Conditioner, Dermarest Psoriasis Skin Treatment, Dr. Scholl's Callus Removers, Dr. Scholl's Corn Removers, Dr. Scholl's Extra Thick Callus Remover, Dr. Scholl's One Step Callus Remover, Dr. Scholl's One Step Corn Removers, Dr. Scholl's Ultra, Dr.Scholl's Dual Action FREEZE AWAY, Dr.Scholl's Duragel, DuoFilm Wart Remover, Freezone, Gold Bond Psoriasis Relief, Gordofilm , Hydrisalic, Ionil, Ionil Plus, Keralyt, Keralyt 5, Keralyt Scalp Complete, MOSCO Callus & Corn Remover, MOSCO One Step Corn Remover, Neutrogena Acne Wash, Neutrogena T/Sal Scalp, Occlusal-HP, P&S, RE SA , SalAC, Salactic Film , Salacyn, Salex, Salimez, Salimez Forte, Salisol , Salisol Forte , Salitech, Salitech Forte, Salitop , Salkera, Salvax, Scalpicin 2 in 1 Anti-Dandruff, Selsun Blue, Thera-Sal , Trans-Ver-Sal, UltraSal-ER, VIRASAL, Wart-Off, XALIX |
trichloroacetic acid |
Tri-Chlor |
fluorouracil |
Adrucil, Carac, Efudex, Fluoroplex, Tolak |
podophyllum |
Podocon-25 |
podofilox |
Condylox |
tretinoin |
Altinac, Altreno, Atralin, AVITA, Refissa, Renova, Retin-A, Retin-A Micro, Tretin-X, Vesanoid |
sinecatechins |
Veregen |
imiquimod |
Aldara, Zyclara |
cidofovir |
Vistide |
cimetidine |
Acid Reducer, Major Acid Reducer, Tagamet, Tagamet HB |
isotretinoin |
Absorica, Absorica LD, Accutane, Amnesteem , Claravis , MYORISAN, Sotret, ZENATANE |
bleomycin |
Blenoxane |
interferon alfa-2b |
Intron A, Intron A Multidose Pen |
benzoyl peroxide |
Acne Medication, Acne-10, Acneclear, Benprox , Benzac AC, Benzac W, Benzac-10, Benzac-5, Benzagel, Benzagel-10 , Benzagel-5, BenzaShave, BenzEFoam, BenzEFoam Ultra , BenzePrO, Benziq, Benziq LS, BP Cleanser, BP Cleansing Lotion, BP Foaming Wash, BP Gel, BP Topical , BP Wash, BP Wash Kit, BPO, BPO Creamy Wash, BPO Foaming Cloth, Brevoxyl-4, Brevoxyl-8, Clean&Clear Persa-Gel, Clearplex , Clearplex X, Clearskin, Clinac BPO, Del Aqua, Delos, Desquam-E, Desquam-X, EFFACLAR, Enzoclear, EPSOLAY, Ethexderm BPW, Inova Easy Pad, Lavoclen-4 , Lavoclen-8, NeoBenz Micro, NeoBenz Micro Cream Plus Pack, NeoBenz Micro SD, NeoBenz Micro Wash Plus Pack, Neutrogena Acne Cream, OC8, Oscion, Pacnex, Pacnex HP, Pacnex LP, Pacnex MX, PanOxyl, PanOxyl 10 Maximum Strength, PanOxyl 5, PanOxyl AQ, PanOxyl Aqua, PanOxyl-10, PanOxyl-5, PanOxyl-8, Peroderm, RE Benzoyl Peroxide , Riax, SE BPO, Seba, Seba-Gel, Soluclenz Rx , Theroxide, TL BPO MX, Triaz, True Marker Lintera, Zaclir, Zoderm Cleanser , Zoderm Cream, Zoderm Gel, Zoderm Redi-Pads , Zoderm Wash |
acitretin |
Soriatane |