Isolated orchitis (ie, infection localized to the testes) is nearly always viral in origin, and most cases are due to mumps Mumps Mumps is an acute, contagious, systemic viral disease, usually causing painful enlargement of the salivary glands, most commonly the parotids. Complications may include orchitis, meningoencephalitis... read more 
. Rare causes include congenital syphilis, tuberculosis, leprosy, echovirus infection, lymphocytic choriomeningitis, coxsackievirus infection, infectious mononucleosis, varicella, and infection with group B arborviruses. Most bacterial orchitis is the result of severe bacterial epididymitis Epididymitis Epididymitis is inflammation of the epididymis, occasionally accompanied by inflammation of the testis (epididymo-orchitis). Scrotal pain and swelling usually occur unilaterally. Diagnosis is... read more 
extending to the testis (epididymo-orchitis).
Orchitis develops in 20 to 25% of males with mumps; 80% of cases occur in patients < 10 years. Two thirds of cases are unilateral and one third bilateral. Sixty percent of patients with mumps orchitis develop testicular atrophy in at least one testis. Atrophy is unrelated to fertility or to the severity of the orchitis. The incidence of tumor does not appear to be increased. Fertility is diminished in one fourth of men after unilateral mumps orchitis and in two thirds of men who have had bilateral disease.
Symptoms and Signs of Orchitis
Unilateral mumps orchitis develops acutely between 4 and 7 days after parotid swelling in mumps. In 30% of cases, the disease spreads to the other testis in 1 to 9 days. Pain may be of any degree of severity. In addition to pain and swelling of the testes, systemic symptoms may develop, such as malaise, fever, nausea, headache, and myalgias. Testicular examination reveals tenderness, enlargement, and induration of the testis and edema and erythema of the scrotal skin.
Other infectious agents cause similar symptoms with speed of onset and intensity related to their pathogenicity.
Diagnosis of Orchitis
Clinical evaluation and selective testing
Color Doppler ultrasonography to rule out other causes of acute scrotal pain and swelling
History and physical examination usually indicate the diagnosis of orchitis. Urgent differentiation of orchitis from testicular torsion Testicular Torsion Testicular torsion is an emergency condition due to rotation of the testis and consequent strangulation of its blood supply. Symptoms are acute scrotal pain and swelling, nausea, and vomiting... read more and other causes of acute scrotal swelling and pain is accomplished with color Doppler ultrasonography.
Mumps can be confirmed by serum immunofluorescence antibody testing. Other infectious agents may be identified by urine culture or serology.
Treatment of Orchitis
Analgesic measures
Antibiotics if bacterial infection
Supportive care with analgesics and hot or cold packs is sufficient if bacterial infection has been ruled out. Bacterial infections (usually causing epididymo-orchitis) are treated with appropriate antibiotics Treatment Epididymitis is inflammation of the epididymis, occasionally accompanied by inflammation of the testis (epididymo-orchitis). Scrotal pain and swelling usually occur unilaterally. Diagnosis is... read more .
Urologic follow-up is recommended.
