(See also Overview of Plasma Cell Disorders Overview of Plasma Cell Disorders Plasma cell disorders are a diverse group of disorders of unknown etiology characterized by Disproportionate proliferation of a single clone of B cells Presence of a structurally and electrophoretically... read more .)
Macroglobulinemia, an uncommon B-cell cancer, is clinically more similar to a lymphomatous disease than to multiple myeloma Multiple Myeloma Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells that produce monoclonal immunoglobulin and invade and destroy adjacent bone tissue. Common manifestations include lytic lesions in bones that cause... read more and other plasma cell disorders Overview of Plasma Cell Disorders Plasma cell disorders are a diverse group of disorders of unknown etiology characterized by Disproportionate proliferation of a single clone of B cells Presence of a structurally and electrophoretically... read more . Cause is unknown, although certain gene mutations have been associated with the disorder. Men are affected more often than women. The median age of patients is 65 years.
After myeloma, macroglobulinemia is the 2nd most common malignant disorder associated with a monoclonal gammopathy. Excessive amounts of IgM M-proteins (monoclonal immunoglobulin protein, which may consist of both heavy and light chains or of only one type of chain) can also accumulate in other disorders, causing manifestations similar to macroglobulinemia. Small monoclonal IgM components are present in the sera of about 5% of patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas Non-Hodgkin lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of disorders involving malignant monoclonal proliferation of lymphoid cells in lymphoreticular sites, including lymph nodes, bone marrow, the... read more ; this circumstance is termed macroglobulinemic lymphoma. Additionally, IgM M-proteins are occasionally present in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by progressive accumulation of phenotypically mature malignant B lymphocytes. Primary sites of disease include peripheral blood, bone marrow... read more or other lymphoproliferative disorders.
Clinical manifestations of macroglobulinemia include bleeding, recurrent infections, generalized adenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly. Less commonly, patients develop hyperviscosity due to the large amounts of high molecular weight monoclonal IgM proteins circulating in plasma, but most patients do not develop problems related to high IgM levels. Some of these proteins are antibodies directed toward autologous IgG (rheumatoid factors) or I antigens (cold agglutinins). About 10% are cryoglobulins. Amyloidosis Amyloidosis Amyloidosis is any of a group of disparate conditions characterized by extracellular deposition of insoluble fibrils composed of misaggregated proteins. These proteins may accumulate locally... read more occurs in 5% of patients.
Symptoms and Signs of Macroglobulinemia
Most patients are asymptomatic, but some present with anemia or manifestations of hyperviscosity syndrome: fatigue, weakness, skin deposits, skin and mucosal bleeding, visual disturbances, headache, symptoms of peripheral neuropathy, and other changing neurologic manifestations. An increased plasma volume can precipitate heart failure Heart Failure (HF) Heart failure (HF) is a syndrome of ventricular dysfunction. Left ventricular (LV) failure causes shortness of breath and fatigue, and right ventricular (RV) failure causes peripheral and abdominal... read more . Cold sensitivity, Raynaud syndrome Raynaud Syndrome Raynaud syndrome is vasospasm of parts of the hand in response to cold or emotional stress, causing reversible discomfort and color changes (pallor, cyanosis, erythema, or a combination) in... read more
, or recurring bacterial infections may occur.
Examination may disclose lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and purpura (which rarely can be the first manifestation). Marked engorgement and localized narrowing of retinal veins, which resemble sausage links, suggests a hyperviscosity syndrome. Retinal hemorrhages, exudates, microaneurysms, and papilledema occur in late stages.
Diagnosis of Macroglobulinemia
Complete blood count (CBC) with platelets, red blood cell indices, and a peripheral blood smear
Serum protein electrophoresis followed by serum and urine immunofixation, quantitative immunoglobulin levels, and serum free light chain levels
Plasma viscosity assay
Bone marrow examination, including tests for specific mutations such as MYD88 and CXCR4
Sometimes a lymph node biopsy
Macroglobulinemia is suspected in patients with symptoms of hyperviscosity or other typical symptoms, particularly if anemia is present. However, it is often diagnosed incidentally when protein electrophoresis reveals an M-protein that proves to be IgM by immunofixation.
Laboratory evaluation includes tests used to evaluate plasma cell disorders (see Multiple Myeloma Multiple Myeloma Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells that produce monoclonal immunoglobulin and invade and destroy adjacent bone tissue. Common manifestations include lytic lesions in bones that cause... read more ) as well as measurement of cryoglobulins, rheumatoid factor, and cold agglutinins; coagulation studies; and a direct antiglobulin (Coombs) test.
Moderate normocytic, normochromic anemia, marked rouleau formation, and a very high erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) may occur. Leukopenia, relative lymphocytosis, and thrombocytopenia are occasionally found. Cryoglobulins, rheumatoid factor, or cold agglutinins may be present. If cold agglutinins are present, the direct Coombs test usually is positive. Various coagulation and platelet function abnormalities may occur. Results of routine blood studies may be spurious if cold agglutinins, cryoglobulinemia, or marked hyperviscosity is present. Normal immunoglobulins are decreased in half of the patients.
Immunofixation electrophoresis of concentrated urine frequently shows a monoclonal light chain (more often kappa [κ]), but gross Bence Jones proteinuria is unusual.
Bone marrow studies show a variable increase in plasma cells, lymphocytes, plasmacytoid lymphocytes, and mast cells. Periodic acid-Schiff–positive material may be present in lymphoid cells. Lymph node biopsy, done if bone marrow examination is normal, is frequently interpreted as diffuse well-differentiated or plasmacytic lymphocytic lymphoma.
Plasma viscosity is measured to confirm suspected hyperviscosity. When hyperviscosity is present, plasma viscosity is usually > 4.0 milliPascal-second (normal, 1.4 to 1.8 milliPascal-second) (1 Diagnosis reference Macroglobulinemia is a malignant plasma cell disorder in which B cells produce excessive amounts of IgM M-proteins. Manifestations may include hyperviscosity, bleeding, recurrent infections... read more ). Retinal fluorescein angiography can also be used to demonstrate hyperviscosity.
Diagnosis reference
1 Gertz MA: Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia: 2023 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management. Am J Hematol98:348-358, 2023. doi:10.1002/ajh.26796
Treatment of Macroglobulinemia
Plasma exchange (only when hyperviscosity is present or prior to rituximab for patients with high IgM levels)
Corticosteroids, alkylating drugs, nucleoside analogs, monoclonal antibodies (especially rituximab)
Chemotherapy, especially the alkylating agent bendamustine in combination with rituximab
Other drugs, including proteasome inhibitors (bortezomib or carfilzomib), immunomodulatory agents (thalidomide, pomalidomide, or lenalidomide), Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors (eg, ibrutinib) alone or in combination with rituximab, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3) inhibitors (eg, idelalisib), or a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor (eg, everolimus)
The course is variable, with a median survival of 7 to 10 years. Age > 60 years, anemia, and cryoglobulinemia predict shorter survival (for review, see [1] Treatment references Macroglobulinemia is a malignant plasma cell disorder in which B cells produce excessive amounts of IgM M-proteins. Manifestations may include hyperviscosity, bleeding, recurrent infections... read more ).
Often, patients require no treatment for many years (1) Treatment references Macroglobulinemia is a malignant plasma cell disorder in which B cells produce excessive amounts of IgM M-proteins. Manifestations may include hyperviscosity, bleeding, recurrent infections... read more . If hyperviscosity is present, initial treatment is plasma exchange Plasma exchange Apheresis refers to the process of separating the cellular and soluble components of blood using a machine. Apheresis is often done on donors where whole blood is centrifuged to obtain individual... read more , which rapidly reverses bleeding as well as neurologic abnormalities. Plasma exchange often needs to be repeated.
Corticosteroids may be effective in reducing the tumor load. Treatment with oral alkylating drugs may be indicated for palliation, but bone marrow toxicity can occur. Nucleoside analogs (fludarabine and 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine) produce responses in large numbers of newly diagnosed patients but have been associated with a high risk of myelodysplasia and myeloid leukemia.
Rituximab can reduce tumor burden without suppressing normal hematopoiesis. However, during the first several months, IgM levels may increase, requiring plasma exchange. The combination of this monoclonal antibody with bendamustine is highly effective.
The proteasome inhibitors bortezomib and carfilzomib and the immunomodulating agents thalidomide, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide are also effective in this cancer.
BTK inhibitors, including ibrutinib, acalabrutinib, and zanubrutinib, have shown high levels of activity. Acalabrutinib and zanubrutinib cause less toxicity than ibrutinib. MYD88 and CXCR4 mutational status can predict the likelihood of response to these drugs.
The BCL2 (BCL2 apoptosis regulator) inhibitor venetoclax has shown significant clinical activity (2 Treatment references Macroglobulinemia is a malignant plasma cell disorder in which B cells produce excessive amounts of IgM M-proteins. Manifestations may include hyperviscosity, bleeding, recurrent infections... read more ).
Two other classes of drugs, PI3 kinase inhibitors such as idelalisib, and mTOR inhibitors, including everolimus, have been used effectively for previously treated patients.
Treatment references
1. Oza A, Rajkumar SV: Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia: Prognosis and management. Blood Cancer J 5(3):e296, 2015. doi: 10.1038/bcj.2015.28
2. Castillo JJ, Allan JN, Siddiqi T, et al. Venetoclax in Previously Treated Waldenström Macroglobulinemia. J Clin Oncol 2022;40(1):63-71. doi:10.1200/JCO.21.01194
Key Points
Macroglobulinemia is a malignant plasma cell disorder in which B cells produce excessive amounts of IgM M-proteins.
Most patients are initially asymptomatic, but many present with anemia or hyperviscosity syndrome (fatigue, weakness, skin and mucosal bleeding, visual disturbances, headache, peripheral neuropathy, and other neurologic manifestations).
Do serum protein electrophoresis followed by serum and urine immunofixation, and quantitative immunoglobulin levels.
Treat hyperviscosity using plasma exchange, which rapidly reverses bleeding as well as neurologic abnormalities.
Corticosteroids, fludarabine, rituximab, proteasome inhibitors (bortezomib and carfilzomib), immunomodulatory agents (thalidomide, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide), Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors (ibrutinib, acalabrutinib, and zanubrutinib), idelalisib, everolimus, or the combination of ibrutinib and rituximab may be helpful; other alkylating drugs can be used for palliation.
Drugs Mentioned In This Article
Drug Name | Select Trade |
---|---|
venetoclax |
Venclexta, VENCLEXTA Starting Pack |
fluorescein |
AK-Fluor, Fluorescite, Fluorets , Fluor-I-Strip, Fluor-I-Strip A.T., Ful-Glo, Ophthalmicflur |
rituximab |
RIABNI, Rituxan, RUXIENCE, truxima |
bendamustine |
BELRAPZO, BENDEKA, Treanda, VIVIMUSTA |
bortezomib |
Velcade |
carfilzomib |
KYPROLIS |
thalidomide |
Thalomid |
pomalidomide |
POMALYST |
lenalidomide |
Revlimid |
ibrutinib |
IMBRUVICA |
idelalisib |
ZYDELIG |
everolimus |
Afinitor , Afinitor DISPERZ, Zortress |
fludarabine |
Fludara, Oforta |
acalabrutinib |
CALQUENCE |
zanubrutinib |
BRUKINSA |