Upper arm fractures usually result from a fall on an outstretched arm.
Usually, the broken pieces of bone remain in place or close together and thus tend to heal on their own.
These fracture cause pain and swelling in the shoulder and upper arm and limit movement of the arm.
Doctors diagnose upper arm fractures based on x-rays and sometimes computed tomography.
Usually, only a sling, sometimes with a swathe, is required, but sometimes surgery is needed to realign the broken bones or to replace the joint.
(See also Overview of Fractures Overview of Fractures A fracture is a crack or break in a bone. Most fractures result from force applied to a bone. Fractures usually result from injuries or overuse. The injured part hurts (especially when it is... read more 
.)
Fracturing the Upper Arm
Fractures that occur in the upper part of the upper arm bone (humerus) cause pain in the shoulder because the upper arm bone is part of the shoulder joint. The upper arm bone may fracture in different places. One example is shown below.  |
Upper arm fractures usually result from a fall on an outstretched arm. Sometimes they result from a direct blow. Usually, the broken pieces of bone do not move out of place or move only slightly out of place and thus tend to heal on their own.
Upper arm fractures are common among older people.
Symptoms of Upper Arm Fractures
The shoulder and upper arm are painful and swollen. People cannot easily raise their arm.
Occasionally, a nerve is damaged, causing numbness in the upper arm.
Diagnosis of Upper Arm Fractures
X-rays
Sometimes computed tomography
(See also Diagnosis of Fractures Diagnosis A fracture is a crack or break in a bone. Most fractures result from force applied to a bone. Fractures usually result from injuries or overuse. The injured part hurts (especially when it is... read more .)
If people think they may have fractured their upper arm, they should see a doctor as soon as possible.
Doctors ask people to describe what happened and what their symptoms are. Doctors also examine the elbow and collarbone.
Doctors take x-rays of the shoulder joint from different angles to determine whether it is fractured.
Sometimes, if x-rays are unclear, computed tomography (CT) is done. CT combines x-rays with computer technology to produce a more detailed, three-dimensional image of the injured area.
Treatment of Upper Arm Fractures
Usually a sling
Range-of-motion exercises
Sometimes surgery to realign the broken bones or to replace the joint
Most upper arm fractures are treated with a sling, sometimes held in place by a piece of cloth or strap (called a swathe—see figure Commonly Used Techniques for Immobilizing a Joint Commonly Used Techniques for Immobilizing a Joint 
).
Exercises to move the shoulder joint through its full range of motion, such as Codman exercises, are started as soon as possible because this joint is prone to becoming permanently stiff, especially in older people.
Codman Exercises
To start, people should
Then they should
These exercises should cause only minimal pain. People should do each exercise twice in one set and do several sets each day. These exercises are done even if the arm is in a sling or in a sling and swathe (as it usually is). Moving the bones in the shoulder joint helps prevent the joint from becoming stiff.  |
If bone is broken into several pieces, people are referred to an orthopedic surgeon, who aligns the broken pieces and inserts metal plates, screws, and wires to hold the bone together (called open reduction with internal fixation Surgery , or ORIF).
Sometimes the shoulder joint must be replaced.
