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Merck Manual
Professional Version
MEDICAL TOPICS
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MEDICAL TOPICS
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Professional
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Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
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Diabetes Mellitus and Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism
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Diabetes Mellitus and Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism
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Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
Complications
Etiology
Type 1 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
Miscellaneous types of diabetes
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Monitoring for complications of diabetes
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Overview of pharmacotherapy
Patient education
Diet
Exercise
Weight loss
Foot care
Vaccination
Pancreas transplantation
Treatment references
Monitoring Diabetes Treatment
Fingerstick glucose monitoring
Continuous glucose monitoring
Hemoglobin A1C
Fructosamine
Urine glucose
Monitoring references
Special Populations and Settings
Patients with difficulty maintaining goal glucose levels
Children
Adolescents
Hospitalization
Surgery
Screening
Type 1 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
Screening reference
Prevention
Type 1 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
Complications
Prevention references
Key Points
More Information
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic Nephropathy
Diabetic nephropathy references
Diabetic Neuropathy
Macrovascular Disease
Macrovascular disease references
Cardiomyopathy
Infection
Infection references
Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD)
MASLD references
Other Complications
More Information
Medications for Diabetes Mellitus Treatment
Insulin
Insulin preparations
Insulin pumps
Complications of insulin treatment
Insulin regimens for type 1 diabetes
Insulin regimens for type 2 diabetes
Insulin references
Oral Antihyperglycemic Medications
Sulfonylureas
Short-acting insulin secretagogues
Biguanides
Thiazolidinediones
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors
Dopamine agonist
Oral antihyperglycemic medications reference
Injectable Antihyperglycemic Medications
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists
Dual incretin agonists (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)/ glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist)
Amylin analog
Disease-Modifying Medications for Diabetes
Disease-modifying medications references
Adjunctive Medications for Diabetes
Adjunctive medications references
More Information
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Volume repletion
Correction of hyperglycemia and acidosis
Hypokalemia prevention
Other measures
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Alcoholic Ketoacidosis
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Hypoglycemia
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment in patients taking antihyperglycemic medications
Treatment in patients not taking antihyperglycemic medications
Key Points