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  1. <Medical Topics
    Geriatrics
    Approach to the Geriatric Patient
    • Introduction to Geriatrics
      • General references
      • Aging
      • More Information
    • Physical Changes With Aging
      • General reference
      • Exercise in Older Adults
        • Medications and exercise
        • General references
    • Overview of Evaluation of the Older Adult
      • Multiple disorders
      • Missed or delayed diagnosis
      • Polypharmacy
      • Caregiver problems
    • History-Taking in the Older Adult
      • Interview
      • Medical History
      • Medication History
      • Alcohol, Smoking, and Inappropriate Drug Use History
      • Nutrition History
      • Mental Health History
      • Functional Status
      • Social History
      • Advance Directives
      • Key Points
      • More Information
    • Physical Examination of the Older Adult
      • Vital Signs
        • Vital signs references
      • Skin and Nails
      • Head and Neck
        • Face
        • Nose
        • Eyes
        • Ears
        • Mouth
        • Temporomandibular joint
        • Neck
        • Head and neck reference
      • Chest and Back
        • Breasts
        • Heart
      • Gastrointestinal System
      • Male Reproductive System
      • Female Reproductive System
      • Musculoskeletal System
      • Feet
      • Neurologic System
        • Cranial nerves
        • Motor function
        • Muscle strength
        • Coordination
        • Gait and posture
        • Reflexes
        • Sensation
        • Mental status
      • Nutritional Status
      • Key Points
    • Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment
      • General references
      • Assessment Domains
      • More Information
    Aging and Quality Of Life
    • Quality of Life in Older Adults
      • General references
      • Health-Related Quality of Life
        • Influences
        • Health-related quality of life references
      • Assessment of Quality of Life
        • Barriers to assessment
        • Methods of assessment
        • Assessment references
    • Therapeutic Objectives in Older Adults
      • References
    Pharmacologic Therapy in Older Adults
    • Overview of Pharmacologic Therapy in Older Adults
      • References
    • Pharmacokinetics in Older Adults
      • Absorption
      • Distribution
      • Hepatic metabolism
      • Renal elimination
    • Pharmacodynamics in Older Adults
    • Drug Categories of Concern in Older Adults
      • Analgesics
      • Anticoagulants
      • Antidepressants
      • Antihyperglycemics
      • Antihypertensives
      • Antiparkinsonian drugs
      • Antipsychotics
      • Anxiolytics and hypnotics
      • Digoxin
      • Diuretics
      • References
    • Medication-Related Problems in Older Adults
      • References
      • Reasons for Medication-Related Problems
        • Drug-disease interactions
        • Drug-drug interactions
        • Inadequate monitoring
        • Inappropriate medication selection
        • Lack of patient adherence
        • Overdosage
        • Poor communication
        • Underprescribing
        • References
      • Prevention
        • Before starting a new medication
        • After starting a medication
        • Ongoing
    Elder Abuse
    • Elder Abuse
      • References
      • Risk Factors
        • Risk factors reference
      • Diagnosis
        • History
        • Physical examination
        • Laboratory tests
        • Documentation
        • Diagnosis reference
      • Treatment
        • Intervention
        • Nursing and social work issues
        • Reporting
        • Caregiver issues
      • Prognosis
        • Prognosis reference
      • Prevention
    Falls in Older Adults
    • Falls in Older Adults
      • References
      • Etiology
        • Intrinsic factors
        • Extrinsic factors
        • Situational factors
        • Etiology reference
      • Evaluation
        • History and physical examination
        • Performance tests
        • Laboratory tests
        • Evaluation references
      • Prevention
        • Physical therapy and exercise
        • Assistive devices
        • Medical management
        • Environmental and situational management
        • Prevention references
      • Prognosis
        • Prognosis references
      • Key Points
      • More Information
    Gait Disorders in Older Adults
    • Gait Disorders in Older Adults
      • Normal Age-Related Changes in Gait
        • Normal age-related changes in gait references
      • Abnormal Changes in Gait
        • Causes
        • Manifestations
        • Abnormal changes in gait references
      • Evaluation
        • History
        • Physical examination
        • Gait assessment
        • Testing
      • Treatment
        • Strength training
        • Balance training
        • Nordic walking
        • Assistive devices
        • Treatment references
      • Prevention
        • Prevention references
    The Older Driver
    • Overview of the Older Driver
      • Statistics
      • Assessment
      • References
      • Key Points
      • More Information
    • Functional Assessment of the Older Driver
      • Visual Function
      • Motor Function
      • Cognitive Function
        • References
      • More Information
    • Medical Assessment of the Older Driver
      • Therapeutic Medications
      • Falls
      • Cardiac Disorders
      • Neurologic Disorders
      • Diabetes Mellitus
      • Sleep Disorders
      • References
      • More Information
    • Interventions With the Older Driver
      • Driving Rehabilitation Programs
      • Driving Cessation
      • Reporting
        • Reference
      • More Information
        • Resources for clinicians
        • Resources for patients and caregivers
    Prevention of Disease and Disability in Older Adults
    • Overview of Prevention in Older Adults
      • General preventive measures
      • References
    • Prevention of Disease in Older Adults
      • Primary and Secondary Prevention
        • Primary and secondary prevention reference
      • Tertiary Prevention
        • Arthritis
        • Osteoporosis
        • Diabetes
        • Vascular disorders
        • Heart failure
        • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
        • Tertiary prevention references
      • More Information
    • Prevention of Frailty
      • References
    • Prevention of Injuries in Older Adults
      • Falls
      • Driving hazards
      • Home hazards
      • Reference
    • Prevention of Iatrogenic Complications in Older Adults
      • Risk Factors
        • Multiple chronic diseases
        • Multiple physicians
        • Multiple medications (polypharmacy) and inappropriate medications
        • Hospitalization
      • Interventions
        • Care management
        • Geriatric interdisciplinary team
        • Pharmacist consultation
        • Acute and emergency care for older adults units
        • Advance directives
        • Risk factors references
    • Prevention of Psychosocial Problems in Older Adults
    Providing Care to Older Adults
    • Overview of Geriatric Care
      • Health care settings
      • Geriatric Interdisciplinary Teams
        • Patient, family member, and caregiver participation
      • References
    • Home Health Care
      • Reimbursement for home health care
      • Home health care alternatives to inpatient care
      • References
    • Community-Based Adult Day Services
      • Reimbursement for day care
      • Reference
    • Respite Care
      • More Information
    • Hospital Care and Older Adults
      • Emergency Department Care
        • Communication among health care professionals
        • Disposition
        • Emergency department care references
      • Hospitalization
        • Improving outcomes
        • Hospitalization references
        • Adverse Drug Effects
        • Bed Rest Effects
        • Falls
        • Incontinence
        • Mental Status Changes
        • Pressure Injuries
        • Undernutrition
        • Transitions of Care
        • Discharge Planning and Transfers
    • Skilled Nursing Facilities
      • General reference
      • Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Nursing Home Care
        • COVID-19 pandemic and nursing homes reference
      • Supervision of Care
        • Supervision of care references
      • Hospitalization
      • Costs
        • Costs reference
      • Problems Related to Reimbursement
      • Nursing Home Placement
      • Selection of Nursing Home
        • Selection reference
      • More Information
    • Programs of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE)
    • Pharmacists and Older Adults
      • Patient adherence
      • Settings
    • Residential Care
      • Board-and-Care Facilities
      • Assisted-Living Facilities
        • Assisted-living reference
      • Life-Care Communities
    Social Issues in Older Adults
    • Introduction to Social Issues in Older Adults
    • Family Caregiving for Older Adults
      • Effects of caregiving
      • References
      • More Information
    • Older Adults Living Alone
      • References
    • Self–Neglect in Older Adults
    • Alternative Living Arrangements for Older Adults
      • Consideration of homosexual or transgender older adults
      • References
    • Effects of Life Transitions on Older Adults
      • References
      • More Information
    • Intimacy and Older Adults
    • Religion and Spirituality in Older Adults
      • Benefits
        • Psychological benefits
        • Health-promoting practices
        • Social benefits
        • Caregivers
        • References
      • Harmful Effects
      • The Role of Health Care Professionals
        • Spiritual history
        • Referral to clergy
        • Support of patients’ religious beliefs and practices
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