Respiratory syncytial virus is a very common cause of respiratory infections in infants and young children.
Human metapneumovirus is similar to respiratory syncytial virus but is a separate virus.
Typical symptoms include a runny nose, fever, cough, and wheezing, and a severe infection can lead to respiratory distress.
The diagnosis is based on symptoms and their occurrence at expected times of year.
Palivizumab is given to children at high risk of developing a severe respiratory syncytial virus infection.
Oxygen is given as needed.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a very common cause of respiratory tract infection, particularly in children. Nearly all children have been infected by age 4 years, many in the first year of life. Infection does not provide complete immunity, so reinfection is common, although usually less serious. Outbreaks typically occur in winter and early spring. RSV is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract illness Overview of Viral Respiratory Tract Infections in Children Viral respiratory tract infections affect the nose, throat, and airways and may be caused by any of several different viruses. Common respiratory tract infections include the common cold and... read more in young infants and is responsible for more than 50,000 hospitalizations every year in the United States in children under the age of 5 years.
The first infection often progresses from an upper respiratory tract illness Overview of Viral Respiratory Tract Infections in Children Viral respiratory tract infections affect the nose, throat, and airways and may be caused by any of several different viruses. Common respiratory tract infections include the common cold and... read more with congestion and fever to involve the lower respiratory tract, most commonly causing bronchiolitis Bronchiolitis Bronchiolitis is a viral infection that affects the lower respiratory tract of infants and young children under 24 months of age. Bronchiolitis usually is caused by viruses. Symptoms include... read more and sometimes pneumonia Overview of Pneumonia Pneumonia is an infection of the small air sacs of the lungs (alveoli) and the tissues around them. Pneumonia is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. Often, pneumonia is the final... read more 
with cough and difficulty breathing. Later infections usually involve only the upper respiratory tract. Children who have had bronchiolitis are more likely to be diagnosed with asthma Asthma Asthma is a condition in which the airways narrow—usually reversibly—in response to certain stimuli. Coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath that occur in response to specific triggers are... read more 
when they are older.
Children with serious underlying disorders (such as congenital heart disease, asthma, cystic fibrosis, neuromuscular disorders, or immune system suppression) or who were born prematurely, and infants under 6 months of age are at particular risk of developing serious illness. Adults and older children also can be infected with RSV, and older people may develop pneumonia.
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a similar but separate virus. hMPV occurs at the same seasonal time as RSV but does not infect as many children.
Symptoms
RSV and hMPV cause similar symptoms. A runny nose and fever begin 3 to 5 days after infection. About half of children with a first infection also develop a cough and wheezing, indicating lower respiratory tract involvement. In infants younger than 6 months old, the first symptom may be a period of not breathing (apnea). Some children, usually young infants, develop severe respiratory distress, and a few die.
In healthy adults and older children, illness is usually mild and may manifest only as a common cold.
Diagnosis
A doctor's evaluation
Doctors usually suspect RSV (and possibly hMPV) infection in young infants and children who have bronchiolitis or pneumonia during RSV season or during an outbreak. Tests are usually not done unless doctors are trying to identify an outbreak or if hospitalization is required.
When necessary, samples of nasal secretions are evaluated by a rapid antigen test, the polymerase chain reaction Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Genetic diagnostic technologies are scientific methods that are used to understand and evaluate an organism's genes. (See also Genes and Chromosomes.) Genes are segments of deoxyribonucleic... read more (PCR) technique, or culture to help identify the virus.
Prevention
Good hygiene
Injections of palivizumab for high-risk children
Practicing good hygiene is an important preventive measure. An ill child and the people in the household should wash their hands frequently. In general, the more intimate physical contact (such as hugging, snuggling, or bed sharing) that takes place with an ill child, the greater the risk of spreading the infection to other family members. Parents must balance this risk with the need to comfort an ill child.
There is no vaccine to prevent RSV or hMPV infection at the present time.
Doctors may give monthly injections of palivizumab, which contains antibodies against RSV, to certain children who are at high risk of developing a severe RSV infection. High-risk children include infants and young children who have serious heart or lung disease and/or who are very premature or who are otherwise at very high risk. The injections are given for the length of the RSV season.
Children who receive palivizumab are less likely to need hospitalization, but doctors are not sure whether this treatment prevents death or serious complications.
Treatment
Oxygen for breathing difficulty
Children who have difficulty breathing are taken to a hospital. Depending on their condition, doctors may treat them with oxygen and fluids by vein. Ribavirin, an antiviral drug, is no longer recommended except for children whose immune system is severely weakened.
Most children do not need to be hospitalized. Treatment at home is mainly symptom relief. For example, children may be given pain relievers and fluids to prevent dehydration Dehydration in Children Dehydration is loss of water from the body, usually caused by vomiting and/or diarrhea. Dehydration occurs when there is significant loss of body water and, to varying amounts, electrolytes... read more . Parents should closely monitor children for signs of serious breathing difficulties or dehydration.
Drugs Mentioned In This Article
| Generic Name | Select Brand Names |
|---|---|
palivizumab |
Synagis |
ribavirin |
Copegus, Moderiba, Rebetol, RibaPak, Ribasphere, Ribasphere RibaPak, RibaTab, Virazole |
