Brucellosis is acquired mainly by having contact with infected animals or by consuming unpasteurized contaminated milk or other dairy products or undercooked contaminated meat.
People typically have a fever, chills, a severe headache, low back pain, bone and joint pain, and other bodywide symptoms.
Most people recover in 2 to 3 weeks, even without treatment.
Doctors base the diagnosis on results of blood tests and cultures.
Two antibiotics are given at the same time to increase the chance of a cure.
(See also Overview of Bacteria Overview of Bacteria Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms. They are among the earliest known life forms on earth. There are thousands of different kinds of bacteria, and they live in every conceivable... read more .)
Brucellosis is rare in the United States, Canada, and Europe but is more common in the Middle East, the Mediterranean, Mexico, and Central America. People who travel to these areas are also at increased risk.
Brucellosis is acquired mainly by
Having direct contact with infected farm animals
Consuming unpasteurized contaminated milk or other dairy products or undercooked contaminated meat
People can also acquire brucellosis if they have contact with infected dogs, deer, moose, buffalo, or other animals or if they inhale airborne particles containing the bacteria. Brucellosis is rarely spread from person to person.
People at increased risk of getting brucellosis include laboratory workers and people who may handle infected animals or animal tissue, including meat packers, veterinarians, hunters, farmers, and livestock producers.
Inhaling only a few of the bacteria can cause infection. Thus, the bacteria could be used in biological warfare Biological Weapons Biological warfare is the use of microbiological agents as weapons. Such use is contrary to international law and has rarely taken place during formal warfare in modern history, despite the... read more .
Symptoms of Brucellosis
Symptoms of brucellosis can begin 5 days to several months after people are exposed to Brucella bacteria.
People typically have
A fever, which may return repeatedly for months and sometimes years
Symptoms may begin suddenly with chills, night sweats, a severe headache, low back pain, bone and joint pain, and sometimes diarrhea. Or symptoms may begin gradually, with a feeling of being slightly ill, muscle pain, headache, and pain in the back of the neck.
The fever may come and go for several weeks.
Later symptoms include loss of appetite, weight loss, severe constipation, abdominal pain, joint pain, difficulty sleeping, weakness, irritability, and depression.
Sometimes infection develops in the brain, tissues that cover the brain and spinal cord (meninges), back bones (vertebrae), long bones (such as the thighbone), joints, heart valves, or other organs.
If people do not develop infections in these organs and tissues, they usually recover in 2 to 3 weeks, even without treatment. However, in some, the infection persists. Less than 5% of people with brucellosis die, usually when the brain, meninges, or heart valves are infected.
Diagnosis of Brucellosis
Blood tests and culture of blood or other tissues to check for the bacteria
Doctors take a sample of blood and send it to a laboratory to grow (culture) and identify the bacteria. Samples of bone marrow, obtained by aspiration Bone Marrow Examination Red blood cells, most white blood cells, and platelets are produced in the bone marrow, the soft fatty tissue inside bone cavities. Sometimes a sample of bone marrow must be examined to determine... read more , and cerebrospinal fluid (the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord), obtained by spinal tap Spinal Tap Diagnostic procedures may be needed to confirm a diagnosis suggested by the medical history and neurologic examination. Imaging tests commonly used to diagnose nervous system (neurologic) disorders... read more 
, may also be cultured.
Doctors may use the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, so that the bacteria can be detected more quickly. The PCR technique increases the amount of the bacteria's DNA in blood or other tissues.
Usually, doctors also measure antibodies to the bacteria in blood.
Prevention of Brucellosis
The best way to prevent brucellosis is to avoid eating undercooked meat and unpasteurized dairy products. Pasteurization involves heating raw milk to a high temperature for a short period of time. This process destroys harmful bacteria that may be present in milk.
People who handle animals or animal tissue that may be infected should take precautions, such as wearing goggles and rubber gloves.
Vaccination of domestic animals (cattle, sheep, and goats) helps control the disease. There is no vaccine for people.
After exposure to the bacteria (for example, after exposure to infected animals or laboratory samples or after exposure to the vaccine used in cattle), people are given antibiotics such as doxycycline and sometimes rifampin to prevent a brucellosis infection from developing.
Treatment of Brucellosis
Two antibiotics given at the same time
Doctors give two antibiotics at the same time to increase the chance of a cure. Usually, one of the antibiotics is doxycycline, given by mouth. The second antibiotic can be either streptomycin or gentamicin, injected daily, or rifampin or ciprofloxacin, given by mouth. Children may be given the combination drug trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) plus rifampin.
After being treated, some people develop symptoms again, so people are periodically examined and tested for a year after treatment.
More Information
The following English-language resource may be useful. Please note that THE MANUAL is not responsible for the content of this resource.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Brucellosis: A resource providing information about brucellosis, including information about transmission and exposure risks
Drugs Mentioned In This Article
| Generic Name | Select Brand Names |
|---|---|
doxycycline |
Acticlate, Adoxa, Adoxa Pak, Avidoxy, Doryx, Doxal, Doxy 100, LYMEPAK, Mondoxyne NL, Monodox, Morgidox 1x, Morgidox 2x , Okebo, Oracea, Oraxyl, Periostat, TARGADOX, Vibramycin, Vibra-Tabs |
rifampin |
Rifadin, Rifadin IV, Rimactane |
streptomycin |
No brand name available |
gentamicin |
Garamycin, Genoptic, Genoptic SOP, Gentacidin, Gentafair, Gentak , Gentasol, Ocu-Mycin |
ciprofloxacin |
Cetraxal , Ciloxan, Cipro, Cipro XR, OTIPRIO, Proquin XR |
trimethoprim |
Primsol, Proloprim, TRIMPEX |
