Drug-induced pulmonary disease is not a single disorder, but rather a common clinical problem in which a patient without previous pulmonary disease develops respiratory symptoms, chest x-ray changes, deterioration of pulmonary function, histologic changes, or several of these findings in association with drug therapy. Over 150 drugs or categories of drugs have been reported to cause pulmonary disease; the mechanism is rarely known, but many drugs are thought to provoke a hypersensitivity response Drug Hypersensitivity Drug hypersensitivity is an immune-mediated reaction to a drug. Symptoms range from mild to severe and include rash, anaphylaxis, and serum sickness. Diagnosis is clinical; skin testing is occasionally... read more . Some drugs (eg, nitrofurantoin) can cause different injury patterns in different patients.
Depending on the drug, drug-induced syndromes can cause interstitial fibrosis, organizing pneumonia, asthma Asthma Asthma is a disease of diffuse airway inflammation caused by a variety of triggering stimuli resulting in partially or completely reversible bronchoconstriction. Symptoms and signs include dyspnea... read more , noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, pleural effusions Pleural Effusion Pleural effusions are accumulations of fluid within the pleural space. They have multiple causes and usually are classified as transudates or exudates. Detection is by physical examination and... read more 
, pulmonary eosinophilia Overview of Eosinophilic Pulmonary Diseases Eosinophilic pulmonary diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by the accumulation of eosinophils in alveolar spaces, the interstitium, or both. Peripheral blood eosinophilia... read more , pulmonary hemorrhage Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage is persistent or recurrent pulmonary hemorrhage. There are numerous causes, but autoimmune disorders are most common. Most patients present with dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis... read more 
, or veno-occlusive disease (see table Substances With Toxic Pulmonary Effects Substances With Toxic Pulmonary Effects Drug-induced pulmonary disease is not a single disorder, but rather a common clinical problem in which a patient without previous pulmonary disease develops respiratory symptoms, chest x-ray... read more ).
(See also Overview of Interstitial Lung Disease Overview of Interstitial Lung Disease Interstitial lung diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by alveolar septal thickening, fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, and, if the process remains unchecked... read more .)
Diagnosis is based on observation of responses to withdrawal from and, if practical, reintroduction to the suspected drug.
Treatment of Drug-Induced Pulmonary Disease
Prevention of Drug-Induced Pulmonary Disease
A screening pulmonary function test Overview of Tests of Pulmonary Function Pulmonary function tests provide measures of airflow, lung volumes, gas exchange, response to bronchodilators, and respiratory muscle function. Basic pulmonary function tests available in the... read more is commonly done in patients about to begin or already taking drugs with pulmonary toxicities, but the benefits of screening for prediction or early detection of toxicity are unproved.
Drugs Mentioned In This Article
| Drug Name | Select Trade |
|---|---|
hydrochlorothiazide |
MICROZIDE |
chlordiazepoxide |
LIBRIUM |
cyclophosphamide |
CYTOXAN (LYOPHILIZED) |
methylphenidate |
CONCERTA, RITALIN |
hydrocortisone |
CORTEF, SOLU-CORTEF |
mercaptopurine |
PURINETHOL |
nitrofurantoin |
FURADANTIN, MACROBID, MACRODANTIN |
bromocriptine |
PARLODEL |
penicillamine |
CUPRIMINE |
carbamazepine |
TEGRETOL |
sulfasalazine |
AZULFIDINE |
methotrexate |
OTREXUP |
Azathioprine |
IMURAN |
chlorambucil |
LEUKERAN |
tetracycline |
ACHROMYCIN V |
dipyridamole |
PERSANTINE |
procarbazine |
MATULANE |
phentermine |
ADIPEX-P |
gemcitabine |
GEMZAR |
minocycline |
MINOCIN |
terbutaline |
No US brand name |
Amiodarone |
CORDARONE |
fluoxetine |
PROZAC, SARAFEM |
ethambutol |
MYAMBUTOL |
mitomycin |
MITOSOL |
trazodone |
OLEPTRO |
etoposide |
ETOPOPHOS |
isoniazid |
LANIAZID |
methadone |
DOLOPHINE |
melphalan |
ALKERAN |
busulfan |
MYLERAN |
timolol |
TIMOPTIC |
