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Medical Topics
Nutrition
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Nutrition: General Considerations
Overview of Nutrition
Macronutrients
Carbohydrates
Fiber
Proteins
Fats
Macrominerals
Water
Macronutrients references
Micronutrients
Other Dietary Substances
Processed Foods, Organic Foods, and Bioengineered or Genetically Modified Foods
Processed foods
Organic foods
Bioengineered or genetically modified foods
Micronutrients references
Nutritional Requirements
Reference
Nutrition in Clinical Medicine
Evaluation of Nutritional Status
Nutrient-Drug Interactions
Food Additives and Contaminants
Additives
Contaminants
Mineral Deficiency and Toxicity
Wilson Disease
References
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Kayser-Fleischer rings
Ceruloplasmin
Serum copper
Urinary copper excretion
Liver biopsy
Screening for Wilson disease
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Key Points
Chromium Toxicity
Reference
Copper Toxicity
Treatment
Fluorine Toxicity
Reference
Iodine Toxicity
Iron Toxicity
Manganese Toxicity
Molybdenum Toxicity
References
Selenium Toxicity
Zinc Toxicity
Overview of Minerals
Reference
More Information
Chromium Deficiency
Reference
Copper Deficiency
Acquired Copper Deficiency
Inherited Copper Deficiency (Menkes Syndrome)
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Reference
Fluorine Deficiency
Iodine Deficiency
Treatment reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Iron Deficiency
General references
Manganese Deficiency
Reference
Molybdenum Deficiency
Reference
Selenium Deficiency
References
Zinc Deficiency
Acrodermatitis enteropathica
Reference
Nutritional Support
Overview of Nutritional Support
General references
Predicting Nutritional Requirements
Energy expenditure
Protein requirements
Requirements references
Assessing Response to Nutritional Support
Assessing response reference
Key Points
Enteral Nutrition
General reference
Enteral Tube Types and Placements
Formulas for Enteral Nutrition
Administration of Enteral Nutrition
Complications of Enteral Nutrition
Key Points
Parenteral Nutrition (PN)
Indications for Parenteral Nutrition
Indications reference
Nutritional Requirements and Formula Content
Solutions for Parenteral Nutrition
Solutions references
Administration of Parenteral Nutrition
Administration reference
Monitoring of Parenteral Nutrition
Complications of Parenteral Nutrition
Complications reference
Key Points
Nutritional Support for Patients Who Are Dying or Have Severe Dementia
Undernutrition
Overview of Undernutrition
General reference
Risk Factors for Undernutrition
Infancy and childhood
Pregnancy and breastfeeding
Older adults
Disorders and medical procedures
Vegetarian and vegan diets
Fad diets
Medications and nutritional supplements
Alcohol or substance dependency
Risk factor references
Symptoms and Signs
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Testing
Evaluation references
More Information
Protein-Energy Undernutrition (PEU)
General references
Classification and Etiology
Primary PEU
Secondary PEU
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Treatment
Children
Adults
Complications of treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Children
Adults
Key Points
Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency
Vitamin Deficiency, Dependency, and Toxicity
Niacin Toxicity
Reference
Vitamin A Toxicity
References
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Key Points
Vitamin B6 Toxicity
Diagnosis
Treatment
Vitamin C Toxicity
Vitamin D Toxicity
Physiology
Physiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Vitamin E Toxicity
References
Vitamin K Toxicity
Overview of Vitamins
Reference
Biotin and Pantothenic Acid
Folate Deficiency
References
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Niacin Deficiency
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Riboflavin Deficiency
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Thiamin Deficiency
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Vitamin A Deficiency
References
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Reference
Prevention
Key Points
Vitamin B6 Deficiency and Dependency
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Schilling test
Treatment
Key Points
Vitamin C Deficiency
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Key Points
Vitamin D Deficiency and Dependency
Physiology
Physiology references
Etiology
Inadequate exposure or intake
Reduced absorption
Abnormal metabolism
Resistance to effects of vitamin D
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Radiographs
Laboratory tests
Treatment
Prevention
Screening
Key Points
Vitamin E Deficiency
References
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Key Points
Vitamin K Deficiency
Physiology
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Prevention reference
Key Points
