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MERCK MANUAL
Consumer Version
HEALTH TOPICS
HEALTHY LIVING
SYMPTOMS
EMERGENCIES
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HEALTH TOPICS
HEALTHY LIVING
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Blood Disorders
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Biology of Blood
Overview of Blood
Components of Blood
Plasma
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
Platelets
Formation of Blood Cells
Effects of aging on the blood
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Blood Disorders
Overview of Blood Disorders
Medical History and Physical Examination for Blood Disorders
Medical History
Physical Examination
Bone Marrow Examination
Symptoms of Blood Disorders
Laboratory Tests for Blood Disorders
Complete blood count
Blood smear
Reticulocyte count
Special tests of blood cells
Clotting tests
Measures of proteins and other substances
Blood typing
Amyloidosis
Amyloidosis
Causes
Forms of Amyloidosis
Systemic amyloidosis
Localized amyloidosis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Anemia
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Overview of Anemia
Causes
Anemia caused by excessive bleeding
Anemia due to inadequate red blood cell production
Anemia due to excessive red blood cell destruction
Symptoms
Anemia in older adults
Diagnosis
Treatment
Anemia Due to Excessive Bleeding
Rapid blood loss
Chronic blood loss
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Vitamin Deficiency Anemia
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Anemia of Chronic Disease
Diagnosis
Treatment
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Sickle Cell Disease
Symptoms
Sickle cell trait
Sickle cell crisis
Complications
Diagnosis
Screening
Treatment
Preventing sickle cell crisis
Controlling anemia
Treating sickle cell crisis
More Information
Hemoglobin C, S-C, and E Diseases
Hemoglobin C disease
Hemoglobin S-C disease
Hemoglobin E disease
Diagnosis
Treatment
Thalassemias
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Aplastic Anemia
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bleeding Due to Abnormal Blood Vessels
Overview of Bleeding Caused by Abnormal Blood Vessels
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Screening
Treatment
More Information
Protein Disorders Causing Bruising or Bleeding
Amyloidosis
Cryoglobulinemia
Hypergammaglobulinemic purpura
Immunoglobulin A–associated vasculitis
Hyperviscosity syndrome
Purpura Simplex
Bleeding Due to Clotting Disorders
Clotting Disorders Caused by Circulating Anticoagulants
Factor VIII and factor IX inhibitors
Uncommon Inherited Clotting Disorders
Factor XI deficiency
Alpha 2-antiplasmin deficiency
Overview of Blood Clotting Disorders
Tests of Blood Clotting
Hemophilia
Symptoms
Mild hemophilia
Moderate hemophilia
Severe hemophilia
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
More Information
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Blood Clotting Process
Bruising and Bleeding
Causes
Senile purpura and purpura simplex
Common causes
Less common causes
Evaluation
Warning signs
When to see a doctor
What the doctor does
Testing
Treatment
Essentials for Older Adults
Key Points
How Blood Clots
Blood vessel factors
Platelet factors
Blood clotting factors
Stopping clotting
Medications and blood clots
Blood Transfusion
Apheresis
Plasma exchange
Cytapheresis
Red blood cell exchange
Overview of Blood Transfusion
Blood typing
More Information
Blood Donation Process
Testing Donated Blood for Infections
Human immunodeficiency virus infection
Viral hepatitis
Syphilis
More Information
Blood Products
Red blood cells
Platelets
Plasma
Cryoprecipitate
Clotting factors
Antibodies
White blood cells
Blood substitutes
Special Blood Donation and Transfusion Procedures
Plateletpheresis (platelet donation)
Double red blood cell donation (apheresis red blood cell donation)
Autologous transfusion
Hematopoietic stem cell apheresis (stem cell transplantation)
Precautions and Adverse Reactions During Blood Transfusion
Fever
Allergic reactions
Fluid overload
Lung injury
Destruction of red blood cells (acute hemolytic transfusion reaction)
Graft-versus-host disease
Infections
Complications of massive transfusion
Excessive Clotting
Excessive Clotting
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Iron Overload
Hemochromatosis
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Overview of Iron Overload
Hemosiderosis
Secondary Iron Overload
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Myeloproliferative Disorders
Secondary Thrombocythemia
Secondary Erythrocytosis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Overview of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
Polycythemia Vera
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Myelofibrosis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
More Information
Essential Thrombocythemia
Complications
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Plasma Cell Disorders
Overview of Plasma Cell Disorders
Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS)
Multiple Myeloma
Symptoms
Complications
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Macroglobulinemia
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Heavy Chain Diseases
Alpha Heavy Chain Disease
Gamma Heavy Chain Disease
Mu Heavy Chain Disease
Platelet Disorders
Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP)
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Overview of Platelet Disorders
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Platelet Dysfunction
Inherited platelet disorders
Acquired platelet disorders
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Overview of Thrombocytopenia
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Von Willebrand Disease
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Spleen Disorders
Overview of the Spleen
Asplenia
Enlarged Spleen
Hypersplenism
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
The Porphyrias
Overview of Porphyrias
Classification
Acute porphyrias
Cutaneous porphyrias
Diagnosis
Blood or urine tests
Secondary porphyrinuria
Screening
More Information
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
Pseudoporphyria
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Phlebotomy
Medications to increase porphyrin excretion
Medications to treat chronic hepatitis C
More Information
Acute Intermittent Porphyria
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment of acute attacks
Other treatment
Prevention of Acute Attacks
More Information
Erythropoietic Protoporphyria and X-Linked Protoporphyria
Erythropoietic protoporphyria
X-linked protoporphyria
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention of Attacks
More Information
White Blood Cell Disorders
High White Blood Cell Count
Overview of White Blood Cell Disorders
Neutropenia
Severity of neutropenia
Causes
Rapid use or destruction of neutrophils
Reduced production of neutrophils
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Determination of cause
Evaluation for infection
Treatment
Neutrophilic Leukocytosis
Hyperviscosity syndrome
Diagnosis
Treatment
Lymphocytopenia
Types of lymphocytes
Causes
Causes of acute lymphocytopenia
Causes of chronic lymphocytopenia
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Lymphocytic Leukocytosis
Monocyte Disorders
Increased number of monocytes
Low number of monocytes
MonoMAC syndrome
Eosinophilic Disorders
Low number of eosinophils
High number of eosinophils
Hypereosinophilic syndrome
Basophilic Disorders
