Processed Foods
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) defines a processed food as any raw agricultural commodity that has been subject to washing, cleaning, milling, cutting, chopping, heating, pasteurizing, blanching, cooking, canning, freezing, drying, dehydrating, mixing, packaging, or other procedures that alter the food from its natural state.
Based on this definition, virtually all food is processed to some degree. Some modern food processing, however, strips nutrients from foods. For example, milling removes bran and germ, and thus fiber, iron, and many B vitamins from grains. Processing also often adds additives such as preservatives (eg, benzoates, sorbates, nitrites, sulfites, and citric acid); artificial colors, flavors, and sweeteners; stabilizers; emulsifiers; and synthetic vitamins and minerals and other additives including salt, monosodium glutamate (MSG), sugar, fats, and refined oils. Some food additives can adversely affect children in particular.
Ultra-processed foods (eg, sweets, salty snacks, sugar-sweetened beverages, reconstituted meat and fish, ready-to-eat meals, and fast food) are increasingly common and make up nearly half of the food supply in many countries. They are made from inexpensive ingredients (including unhealthful fats, refined grains and starches, and added sugar and salt) that are often combined with food additives (including artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives) to make them inexpensive and exceptionally tasty and to prolong shelf life. Most contain little to no whole foods. These foods promote overeating and weight gain and supply a relative dearth of valuable nutrients, increasing risks of insulin resistance and possibly other disorders (eg, coronary artery disease, depression, irritable bowel syndrome, cancer, and even early death).
Organic Foods
To be labeled USDA-certified organic, organic foods must be grown and processed according to federal guidelines that address many factors, including soil quality, animal-raising practices, pest and weed control, and the use of additives. For example, for meat to be labeled organic, the animals must be raised in conditions that accommodate their natural behaviors (such as the ability to graze in a pasture), must be fed 100% organic feed and forage, and must not be given antibiotics or hormones. To be labeled with the USDA organic seal, a product must contain 95% organic ingredients.
The certainty and extent of health benefits attributed to foods being organic remain unknown. However, not using antibiotics in animal-raising practices can help prevent antibiotic resistance. There are concerns that pesticides left on foods can be harmful when ingested. For example, although there is not definitive proof, there is ongoing research to try to determine whether substances like synthetic pesticides may increase risks of autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and impaired cognitive skills in children. To avoid or minimize consuming foods with pesticides, some people use resources issued annually by the Environmental Working Group's (EWG) that specify the pesticide levels in the "dirty dozen" (produce that is contaminated with more pesticides than other crops) and the "clean fifteen" (produce that has the lowest amounts of pesticide residues).
Bioengineered or Genetically Modified Foods
Bioengineered or genetically modified foods are foods containing genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), bioengineered or genetically modified foods contain DNA that has been modified through laboratory techniques and that cannot be created through conventional breeding or found in nature. Genetically modified foods have existed in the food supply in the United States since the early 1990s, and their safety in humans and animals is overseen by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the USDA.
In the United States, foods require labeling that indicates whether they are a bioengineered food. These foods are often common ingredients in other foods and may be difficult to identify.
Although consumption of bioengineered foods poses no risk to human health, food safety advocacy groups have raised concerns such as development of allergies (if the transferred DNA was taken from an allergenic food) and antibiotic resistance resulting from the consumption of herbicide-resistant crops that could theoretically transfer modified antibiotic-resistant genes to the human digestive tract. The WHO has stated that risk of such antibiotic resistance is very small, but not insignificant.
