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MERCK MANUAL
Consumer Version
HEALTH TOPICS
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Urinary Tract Disorders
Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Disorders
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Overview of the Urinary Tract
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Effects of Aging on the Urinary Tract
Age-related changes in the kidneys
Age-related changes in the ureters
Age-related changes in the bladder
Age-related changes in the urethra
Age-related changes in the prostate gland
Evaluation of Urinary Tract Disorders
History
Physical Examination
Testing
Urinalysis and Urine Culture
Imaging Tests of the Urinary Tract
Plain x-rays
Ultrasonography
Computed tomography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Intravenous urography
Retrograde urography
Percutaneous antegrade urography
Cystography and cystourethrography
Retrograde urethrography
Positron emission tomography
Radionuclide scanning
Angiography
Cystoscopy
Tissue and Cell Sampling
Kidney biopsy
Bladder biopsy
Prostate biopsy
Urine cytology