Heart Failure

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• Overview of Heart Failure
  • General references
  • Physiology
  • Pathophysiology
    • Classification of heart failure
    • Responses to heart failure
    • Pathophysiology references
  • Etiology
  • Staging and Severity of Heart Failure
    • Staging references
  • Key Points

• Acute Heart Failure
  • General references
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • History
    • Examination
    • Symptoms and signs references
  • Diagnosis
    • Chest radiograph
    • ECG
    • Other cardiac imaging
    • Blood tests
    • Other tests
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment
    • Arrhythmia treatment
    • Device therapy and mechanical circulatory support
    • Treatment references
  • Prognosis
    • Prognosis reference
  • Key Points

• Pulmonary Edema
  • General references
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Key Points

• Chronic Heart Failure
  • General references
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms and signs reference
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Medications
    • Disease management
    • Device therapy
    • Surgery and percutaneous procedures
    • Treatment of persistent heart failure symptoms
    • End-of-life care
    • Treatment references
  • Prognosis
    • Prognosis references
  • Key Points

• Right Heart Failure and Cor Pulmonale
  • Pathophysiology
    • Cor Pulmonale
  • Etiology
    • Cor pulmonale
    • Etiology reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Cor pulmonale
  • Diagnosis
    • Cor pulmonale
  • Treatment
    • Cor pulmonale
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points

• Medications for Heart Failure
  • Classes of Medications for Heart Failure
    • Beta-blockers
    • Renin-angiotensin system inhibiting medications
    • Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (aldosterone antagonists)
    • Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i)
    • Digoxin
    • Diuretics
    • Inotropes
    • Sinus node inhibitors
    • Soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator
    • Vasodilators
    • Medication classes references

• Heart Transplantation
  • Bridge and destination ventricular assist devices (VADs)
  • General references
  • Procedure
    • Procedure reference
  • Complications
    • Rejection
    • Cardiac allograft vasculopathy
    • Complications references
  • Prognosis
    • Prognosis references
  • Key Points