Ureters Ureters The ureters are muscular tubes—about 16 inches (40 centimeters) long—that attach at their upper end to the kidneys and at their lower end to the bladder. (See also Overview of the Urinary Tract... read more are the tubes that transport urine from the kidneys Kidneys The kidneys are bean-shaped organs that figure prominently in the urinary tract. Each is about 4 to 5 inches (12 centimeters) long and weighs about one third of a pound (150 grams). One lies... read more (the two organs that filter waste from the blood to make urine) to the bladder Bladder The bladder is an expandable, muscular sac. Urine accumulates in the bladder as it arrives from the ureters. The bladder gradually increases in size to accommodate an increasing volume of urine... read more (the expandable, muscular sac that holds urine). People normally have two ureters. One ureter connects the left kidney to the bladder, and the other connects the right kidney to the bladder.
(See also Overview of Kidney and Urinary Tract Birth Defects Overview of Kidney and Urinary Tract Birth Defects Birth defects are more common in the kidney and urinary system (urinary tract) than in any other system of the body. Defects can develop in the Kidneys—the two organs that filter waste from... read more .)
A Look Inside the Urinary Tract
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Complications of birth defects of the ureters
There are many types of birth defects of the ureters Types of Birth Defects of the Ureters Ureters are the tubes that transport urine from the kidneys (the two organs that filter waste from the blood to make urine) to the bladder (the expandable, muscular sac that holds urine). People... read more . Many of these defects
Block or slow the flow of urine
Allow urine to flow backwards from the bladder to the kidneys (urinary reflux Urinary Reflux Urinary reflux is when urine flows backward from the bladder into the ureter and sometimes the kidney, usually because of a birth defect of the urinary tract. Each kidney continuously filters... read more )
Any ureter defect that blocks or slows the flow of urine can cause urine to become stagnant, which can result in urinary tract infections Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in Children A urinary tract infection is a bacterial infection of the urinary bladder ( cystitis), the kidneys ( pyelonephritis), or both. Urinary tract infections are caused by bacteria. Infants and younger... read more (UTIs) or the formation of kidney stones Stones in the Urinary Tract Stones (calculi) are hard masses that form in the urinary tract and may cause pain, bleeding, or an infection or block of the flow of urine. Tiny stones may cause no symptoms, but larger stones... read more 
. Blockage of urine flow also can raise the pressure inside the kidneys and damage them over time.
Urinary reflux usually happens when defects involve the junction where a ureter connects to the bladder. Normally the junction allows urine to flow only one way, from the kidneys to the bladder. Defects of the junction can allow urine to flow backward from the bladder into the kidney (urinary reflux). Reflux can affect one side or both sides.
Urinary reflux and/or frequent infections can damage the kidneys and ureters over time. Kidney damage can cause high blood pressure High Blood Pressure High blood pressure (hypertension) is persistently high pressure in the arteries. Often no cause for high blood pressure can be identified, but sometimes it occurs as a result of an underlying... read more 
and rarely kidney failure Overview of Kidney Failure Kidney failure is the inability of the kidneys to adequately filter metabolic waste products from the blood. Kidney failure has many possible causes. Some lead to a rapid decline in kidney function... read more .
Types of Birth Defects of the Ureters
Abnormalities of the ureters include
Extra ureters (duplication abnormalities)
Narrowed or widened ureters
Misplaced ureters
Bulging of the lower end of the ureter into the bladder (ureterocele)
Many children also have birth defects of the kidneys Kidney Defects There are several different birth defects that affect the kidneys (the two organs that filter waste from the blood to make urine). These defects are not usually apparent at the doctor's examination... read more .
Extra ureters
Sometimes while a fetus is forming, the ureters split or duplicate, resulting in two ureters coming from a single kidney. Usually the two ureters enter the bladder (complete duplication), but sometimes the two ureters join together before they enter the bladder (partial duplication).
Many children who have duplicated ureters do not have symptoms. However, sometimes the connections between the duplicated ureters and the bladder are abnormal. Some abnormal connections block urine flow. Other abnormal connections allow urine to flow backward from the bladder into the kidneys (urinary reflux Urinary Reflux Urinary reflux is when urine flows backward from the bladder into the ureter and sometimes the kidney, usually because of a birth defect of the urinary tract. Each kidney continuously filters... read more ). Both types of abnormal connection increase risk of infection and kidney damage and may require surgery.
Less often, the duplicated ureter is attached to an area outside the bladder. In girls, the ureter may enter the vagina instead of the bladder, leading to constant dripping of urine from the vagina. In boys, the ureter may enter parts of the male reproductive system such as the vas deferens Structure of the Male Reproductive System , seminal vesicles Structure of the Male Reproductive System , or the ejaculatory ducts. Boys do not leak urine but may have recurring infections of the affected organ.
Male Reproductive Organs
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Narrowed or widened ureters
A narrowed ureter prevents urine from passing normally from the kidney to the bladder. Narrowing usually occurs where the ureter joins the kidney or where the ureter joins the bladder. Narrowed ureters block urine flow, which increases risk of infection, kidney stones, and kidney damage. Narrowings usually lessen as children grow.
A widened ureter can result from an abnormality of the ureter itself or from the bladder being blocked. Widened ureters can allow urine to flow backward from the bladder into the kidneys (urinary reflux Urinary Reflux Urinary reflux is when urine flows backward from the bladder into the ureter and sometimes the kidney, usually because of a birth defect of the urinary tract. Each kidney continuously filters... read more ), which increases risk of infection and kidney damage.
Misplaced ureters
A misplaced ureter does not properly enter the bladder, which can allow urine to flow backward from the bladder into the kidneys (urinary reflux Urinary Reflux Urinary reflux is when urine flows backward from the bladder into the ureter and sometimes the kidney, usually because of a birth defect of the urinary tract. Each kidney continuously filters... read more ), which increases risk of infection and kidney damage.
Ureteroceles
A ureterocele is a bulging of the lower end of the ureter into the bladder. They may affect how well the ureter drains. If ureteroceles block urine flow, they increase the risk of infection, kidney stones, and kidney damage.
Diagnosis of Ureter Defects
Prenatal ultrasonography
Voiding cystourethrography
Before birth, defects of the ureters are often discovered by doctors during routine prenatal ultrasonography Ultrasonography Prenatal diagnostic testing involves testing the fetus before birth (prenatally) to determine whether the fetus has certain abnormalities, including certain hereditary or spontaneous genetic... read more .
After birth, if doctors suspect defects of the ureters, they do ultrasonography of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder before and after the child urinates. Then they do a test called voiding cystourethrography Cystography and cystourethrography There are a variety of tests that can be used in the evaluation of a suspected kidney or urinary tract disorder. (See also Overview of the Urinary Tract.) X-rays are usually not helpful in evaluating... read more (VCUG). For voiding cystourethrography, a catheter is passed through the urethra into the bladder, a liquid that shows up on x-rays (contrast agent Radiopaque Contrast Agents During imaging tests, contrast agents may be used to distinguish one tissue or structure from its surroundings or to provide greater detail. Contrast agents include Radiopaque contrast agents... read more ) is put through the catheter, and x-rays are taken before, during, and after the child urinates. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) Magnetic resonance imaging There are a variety of tests that can be used in the evaluation of a suspected kidney or urinary tract disorder. (See also Overview of the Urinary Tract.) X-rays are usually not helpful in evaluating... read more may also be done.
Treatment of Ureter Defects
Sometimes preventive (prophylactic) antibiotics
Sometimes surgical procedures
Treatment depends on the specific birth defect and also on the severity of the complications.
Children who have few symptoms and no complications usually do not require treatment.
Children who have frequent urinary tract infections and/or signs of kidney damage typically need treatment. If symptoms are not too severe, doctors sometimes give children daily preventive antibiotics to prevent infection and allow time to see if the defect corrects itself as the child grows. Children with more severe symptoms usually need surgery to correct the problem and ensure urine drains properly.
