Amniotic fluid is the fluid that surrounds the fetus in the uterus. The fluid and fetus are contained in membranes called the amniotic sac. Problems with amniotic fluid include
Too much amniotic fluid
Too little amniotic fluid
Infection of the fluid, amniotic sac, and/or placenta (called an intra-amniotic infection Intra-Amniotic Infection Intra-amniotic infection is infection of the tissues around the fetus, such as the fluid that surrounds the fetus (amniotic fluid), the placenta, the membranes around the fetus, or a combination... read more )
Pregnancy complications, such as too much or too little amniotic fluid, are problems that occur only during pregnancy. They may affect the woman, the fetus, or both and may occur at different times during the pregnancy. However, most pregnancy complications can be effectively treated.
Too much amniotic fluid
Too much amniotic fluid (polyhydramnios or hydramnios) stretches the uterus and puts pressure on the diaphragm of pregnant women.
Too much fluid may accumulate because of the following:
Anemia in the fetus, such as that caused by Rh antibodies to the fetus’s blood produced by the pregnant woman (Rh incompatibility Rh Incompatibility Rh incompatibility occurs when a pregnant woman has Rh-negative blood and the fetus has Rh-positive blood. Rh incompatibility can result in destruction of the fetus’s red blood cells, sometimes... read more )
Birth defects in the fetus, especially a blockage in the esophagus Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula Esophageal atresia is a birth defect in which the esophagus narrows or comes to an end. Most newborns with esophageal atresia also have an abnormal connection between the esophagus and the windpipe... read more or urinary tract Kidney Defects There are several different birth defects that affect the kidneys (the two organs that filter waste from the blood to make urine). These defects are not usually apparent at the doctor's examination... read more
Other disorders in the fetus, such as infections or a genetic disorder
However, about half the time, the cause is unknown.
Too much amniotic fluid can lead to several problems:
The woman may have severe breathing problems.
The uterus become stretched out and not be able to contract normally (a condition called uterine atony).
The woman may have bleeding from the vagina after delivery Excessive Uterine Bleeding at Delivery Excessive bleeding from the uterus refers to loss of more than 2 pints of blood or symptoms of significant blood loss that occur within 24 hours of delivery. After the baby is delivered, excessive... read more .
Labor may begin early—before 37 weeks of pregnancy (preterm labor Prelabor Rupture of the Membranes (PROM) Prelabor rupture of the membranes is the leaking of amniotic fluid from around the fetus at any time before labor starts. After the membranes rupture, labor often soon follows. If labor does... read more ).
The membranes around the fetus may rupture too soon (called premature rupture of the membranes Prelabor Rupture of the Membranes (PROM) Prelabor rupture of the membranes is the leaking of amniotic fluid from around the fetus at any time before labor starts. After the membranes rupture, labor often soon follows. If labor does... read more ).
The fetus may be in an abnormal position or presentation Abnormal Position and Presentation of the Fetus Position refers to whether the fetus is facing rearward (toward the woman’s back—that is, face down when the woman lies on her back) or forward (face up). It’s important to check the baby’s... read more , sometimes requiring cesarean delivery Cesarean Delivery Cesarean delivery is surgical delivery of a baby by incision through a woman’s abdomen and uterus. In the United States, up to 30% of deliveries are cesarean. Doctors use a cesarean delivery... read more
.The umbilical cord may come out of the vagina before the baby (called a prolapsed umbilical cord Prolapsed Umbilical Cord Prolapse of the umbilical cord means that the cord precedes the baby through the vagina. A prolapsed umbilical cord occurs in about 1 of 1,000 deliveries. When the umbilical cord prolapses,... read more ).
The fetus may die.
The placenta may detach from the wall of the uterus too soon (called placental abruption Placental Abruption Placental abruption is the premature detachment of a normally positioned placenta from the wall of the uterus, usually after 20 weeks of pregnancy. Women may have vaginal bleeding and/or severe... read more ) if premature rupture of the membranes occurs.
Having too much amniotic fluid may cause no symptoms.
Too little amniotic fluid
There tends to be too little amniotic fluid in the following situations:
The fetus has birth defects in the urinary tract Overview of Kidney and Urinary Tract Birth Defects Birth defects are more common in the kidney and urinary system (urinary tract) than in any other system of the body. Defects can develop in the Kidneys (the two organs that filter waste from... read more , particularly in the kidneys.
The fetus has not grown as much as expected (called intrauterine growth restriction Small-for-Gestational-Age (SGA) Newborn A newborn who weighs less than 90% of newborns of the same gestational age at birth (below the 10th percentile) is considered small for gestational age. Newborns may be small because their parents... read more ).
The fetus has died.
The placenta is not functioning normally (as a result, the fetus may not grow as much as expected).
The membranes around the fetus rupture too soon (called premature rupture of the membranes Prelabor Rupture of the Membranes (PROM) Prelabor rupture of the membranes is the leaking of amniotic fluid from around the fetus at any time before labor starts. After the membranes rupture, labor often soon follows. If labor does... read more ) or near the due date.
In many cases, the cause is unknown.
Taking certain drugs such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (including enalapril or captopril) during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters can result in too little amniotic fluid. These drugs are usually avoided during pregnancy. However, rarely, they are used to treat severe heart failure. Taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen) during pregnancy can also reduce the amount of amniotic fluid.
Too little amniotic fluid (oligohydramnios) can also cause problems, such as the following:
If the amount of fluid is greatly reduced, the fetus may be compressed, resulting in deformities in the limbs, a flattened nose, a recessed chin, and other problems.
The fetus's lungs may not mature normally. (The combination of immature lungs and deformities is called Potter syndrome.)
The fetus may not be able to tolerate labor, making cesarean delivery necessary.
The fetus may die.
The fetus may not grow as much as expected.
Women may notice that the fetus is not moving as much as earlier in the pregnancy.
Symptoms of Amniotic Fluid Problems
Usually, having too much or too little amniotic fluid does not cause symptoms in the woman. The woman may sense that the fetus is not moving as much as expected. Sometimes, when the amount of excess amniotic fluid is large, women have difficulty breathing or painful contractions before their due date.
Disorders causing or contributing to too much or too little amniotic fluid may cause symptoms.
Diagnosis of Amniotic Fluid Problems
A doctor's evaluation
Ultrasonography
Tests to identify the cause
Doctors may suspect too much or too little amniotic fluid when the uterus is too large or too small for the length of the pregnancy.
Sometimes the problem is incidentally detected during ultrasonography. If a problem is detected, doctors can use ultrasonography to determine how much amniotic fluid is present.
If doctors detect too much or too little amniotic fluid, they check for a possible cause. For example, they may examine the vagina and cervix to determine whether the membranes around the fetus have ruptured too soon.
Blood tests may be done to check for disorders that can affect amniotic fluid (such as infections or diabetes). Ultrasonography and other tests (possibly amniocentesis Amniocentesis Prenatal diagnostic testing involves testing the fetus before birth (prenatally) to determine whether the fetus has certain abnormalities, including certain hereditary or spontaneous genetic... read more ) may be done to check for birth defects and genetic abnormalities in the fetus.
Treatment of Amniotic Fluid Problems
Ultrasonography to monitor the fetus's growth and to measure amniotic fluid levels
Monitoring of the fetus's heart rate
Treatment of any underlying disorders
Sometimes removal of amniotic fluid
Delivery
Ultrasonography is done regularly to monitor how much the fetus is growing and to measure the amniotic fluid levels. The fetus’s heart rate is also regularly monitored when the fetus is lying still and as it moves. This test is done to check on the fetus's well-being (called nonstress testing Fetal monitoring ).
Any underlying disorders, such as diabetes and high blood pressure, are treated.
When there is too much amniotic fluid, doctors rarely remove the excess fluid. However, the amniotic fluid can be removed with a needle through the woman's abdomen when
Labor begins early.
Severe problems occur.
When there is too much amniotic fluid, doctors plan to deliver the baby at 39 weeks in certain cases.
When there is too little amniotic fluid, most experts may recommend delivery between 36 and 37 weeks depending on how the fetus is doing.
Drugs Mentioned In This Article
| Generic Name | Select Brand Names |
|---|---|
enalapril |
VASOTEC |
captopril |
No US brand name |
ibuprofen |
ADVIL, MOTRIN IB |
