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Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders

Biology of the Musculoskeletal System
Symptoms of Musculoskeletal Disorders
Diagnosis of Musculoskeletal Disorders
- Medical History and Physical Examination in Musculoskeletal Disorders
  - Medical History
  - Physical Examination
- Tests for Musculoskeletal Disorders
Autoimmune Disorders of Connective Tissue
Bone and Joint Infections
Bone and Joint Tumors
Foot Problems
Gout and Pseudogout

Hand Disorders
Joint Disorders
Low Back and Neck Pain
- Low Back Pain
- Neck Pain
Muscle, Bursa, and Tendon Disorders
Osteonecrosis
- Osteonecrosis (ON)
- Osteonecrosis of the Jaw
Osteoporosis
- Osteoporosis
Paget Disease of Bone
- Paget Disease of Bone
  - Causes
  - Complications
  - Symptoms
  - Diagnosis
  - Prognosis
  - Treatment
Vasculitic Disorders

Providing form, stability, and movement to the human body, the musculoskeletal system consists of the body's bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage, and other connective tissue. Connective tissue supports and binds tissues and organs together. Its chief components are collagen and elastic fibers, which are made up of different proteins. The musculoskeletal system undergoes many changes as people age.

Bone, Joint, and Muscle DisordersSections (A-Z)

Autoimmune Disorders of Connective Tissue

In an autoimmune disorder, antibodies or cells produced by the body attack the body’s own tissues (see Autoimmune Disorders ). Many autoimmune disorders affect connective tissue in a variety of organs. Connective tissue is the structural tissue that gives strength to joints, tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels.

Overview of Autoimmune Disorders of Connective Tissue
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Systemic Sclerosis
Sjögren Syndrome
Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)
Relapsing Polychondritis
Eosinophilic Fasciitis

Biology of the Musculoskeletal System

The musculoskeletal system provides form, stability, and movement to the human body. It consists of the body's bones (which make up the skeleton—see Bones ), muscles (see Muscles ), tendons (see Tendons and Bursae ), ligaments (see Ligaments ), joints (see Joints ), cartilage, and other connective tissue. The term "connective tissue" is used to describe the tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together. Its chief components are collagen and elastic fibers, which are composed of different proteins.

Introduction to the Biology of the Musculoskeletal System
Bones
Muscles
Tendons and Bursae
Ligaments
Joints
Effects of Aging on the Musculoskeletal System

Bone and Joint Infections

Artificial joints can become infected by bacteria.

Artificial Joint Infectious Arthritis
Infectious Arthritis
Osteomyelitis

Bone and Joint Tumors

Bone tumors are growths of abnormal cells in bones.

Overview of Bone Tumors
Noncancerous Bone Tumors
Primary Cancerous Bone Tumors
Metastatic Bone Tumors
Bone Cysts
Joint Tumors

Diagnosis of Musculoskeletal Disorders

Medical History and Physical Examination in Musculoskeletal Disorders
Tests for Musculoskeletal Disorders

Foot Problems

Some foot problems start in the foot itself, for example, resulting from a foot injury. Problems can occur in any bone, joint, muscle, tendon, or ligament of the foot.

Overview of Foot Problems
Achilles Tendon Bursitis
Achilles Tendon Enthesopathy
Bunion
Corns and Calluses
Damage to the Nerves in the Foot
Freiberg Disease
Hammer Toe
Inferior Calcaneal Bursitis
Medial and Lateral Plantar Nerve Entrapment
Metatarsal Joint Pain
Pain in the Ball of the Foot (Metatarsalgia)
Plantar Fasciosis
Plantar Fibromatosis
Sesamoiditis
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
Tibialis Posterior Tendinosis and Tibialis Posterior Tenosynovitis

Gout and Pseudogout

Gout and pseudogout are characterized by joint inflammation (arthritis) and pain. Both disorders are caused by deposits of crystals in the joints, although the type of crystal differs.

Gout
Pseudogout
Basic Calcium Phosphate Crystal Deposition Disease and Calcium Oxalate Crystal Deposition Disease

Hand Disorders

A number of different disorders may affect the hands or fingers, including ganglia, deformities, disorders related to nerves or blood vessels, osteoarthritis, trigger finger, and infections. Some other disorders that affect the hands are covered elsewhere in the book, including fractures, other injuries, rheumatoid arthritis, tendinitis and tenosynovitis, de Quervain syndrome, Raynaud syndrome, finger clubbing, and certain birth defects.

Introduction to Hand Disorders
Ganglia
Swan-Neck Deformity
Boutonnière Deformity
Osteoarthritis of the Hand
Dupuytren Contracture
Trigger Finger
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
Radial Tunnel Syndrome
Kienböck Disease
Hand Infections Caused By Bites
Felon
Herpetic Whitlow
Hand Abscess
Infection of the Tendon Sheath

Joint Disorders

Osteoarthritis is a chronic disorder associated with damage to the cartilage and surrounding tissues and characterized by pain, stiffness, and loss of function.

Osteoarthritis (OA)
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Spondyloarthritis
Psoriatic Arthritis
Reactive Arthritis
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Neurogenic Arthropathy

Low Back and Neck Pain

Low Back Pain
Neck Pain

Muscle, Bursa, and Tendon Disorders

Fibromyalgia
Bursitis
Tendinitis and Tenosynovitis
Baker Cysts

Osteonecrosis

Osteonecrosis is the death of a segment of bone caused by an impaired blood supply.

Osteonecrosis (ON)
Osteonecrosis of the Jaw

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a condition in which a decrease in the density of bones weakens the bones, making breaks (fractures) likely.

Osteoporosis

Paget Disease of Bone

Paget disease of bone is a chronic disorder of the skeleton in which areas of bone undergo abnormal turnover, resulting in areas of enlarged and softened bone.

Paget Disease of Bone

Symptoms of Musculoskeletal Disorders

Joint Noises
Joint Stiffness
Difficulty Moving
Musculoskeletal Pain
Joint Pain: Single Joint
Joint Pain: Many Joints

Vasculitic Disorders

Vasculitic disorders are caused by inflammation of the blood vessels (vasculitis).

Overview of Vasculitis
Behçet Disease
Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
Giant Cell Arteritis
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
Immunoglobulin A–Associated Vasculitis
Microscopic Polyangiitis
Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN)
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Takayasu Arteritis

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Also of Interest

Test your knowledge

Bones serve as rigid structures to the body and as shields to protect delicate internal organs. Which of the following is responsible for the strength and density of bones?

Bone marrow Collagen Hydroxyapatite Vitamin D