(See also Overview of Delirium and Dementia Overview of Delirium and Dementia Delirium (sometimes called acute confusional state) and dementia are the most common causes of cognitive impairment, although affective disorders (eg, depression) can also disrupt cognition... read more and Dementia Dementia Dementia is chronic, global, usually irreversible deterioration of cognition. Diagnosis is clinical; laboratory and imaging tests are usually used to identify treatable causes. Treatment is... read more .)
Dementia is chronic, global, usually irreversible deterioration of cognition. HIV-associated dementia (AIDS dementia complex) may occur in the late stages of HIV infection Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection results from 1 of 2 similar retroviruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) that destroy CD4+ lymphocytes and impair cell-mediated immunity, increasing risk of certain... read more 
. Unlike almost all other forms of dementia, it tends to occur in younger people.
Dementia should not be confused with delirium Delirium Delirium is an acute, transient, usually reversible, fluctuating disturbance in attention, cognition, and consciousness level. Causes include almost any disorder or drug. Diagnosis is clinical... read more , although cognition is disordered in both. The following helps distinguish them:
Dementia affects mainly memory, is typically caused by anatomic changes in the brain, has slower onset, and is generally irreversible.
Delirium affects mainly attention, is typically caused by acute illness or drug toxicity (sometimes life threatening), and is often reversible.
Other specific characteristics also help distinguish the 2 disorders (see table ).
Purely HIV-associated dementia is caused by neuronal damage by the HIV virus. However, in patients with HIV infection, dementia may result from other disorders, some of which may be treatable. These disorders include other infections, such as secondary infection with JC virus causing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is caused by reactivation of the JC virus. The disease usually occurs in patients with impaired cell-mediated immunity, particularly patients... read more 
, and central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma Primary Brain Lymphomas Primary brain lymphomas, a type of primary central nervous system lymphoma, originate in neural tissue and are usually B-cell tumors. Diagnosis requires neuroimaging and sometimes cerebrospinal... read more . Other opportunistic infections (eg, cryptococcal meningitis Cryptococcal meningitis Subacute meningitis develops over days to a few weeks. Chronic meningitis lasts ≥ 4 weeks. Possible causes include fungi, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, rickettsiae, spirochetes, Toxoplasma... read more 
, other fungal meningitis Other fungal meningitides Subacute meningitis develops over days to a few weeks. Chronic meningitis lasts ≥ 4 weeks. Possible causes include fungi, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, rickettsiae, spirochetes, Toxoplasma... read more , some bacterial infections, tuberculosis meningitis Tuberculous meningitis Subacute meningitis develops over days to a few weeks. Chronic meningitis lasts ≥ 4 weeks. Possible causes include fungi, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, rickettsiae, spirochetes, Toxoplasma... read more , viral infections, toxoplasmosis Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasmosis is infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Symptoms range from none to benign lymphadenopathy, a mononucleosis-like illness, to life-threatening central nervous system (CNS) disease... read more 
) may also contribute.
In purely HIV-associated dementia, subcortical pathologic changes result when infected macrophages or microglial cells infiltrate into the deep gray matter (ie, basal ganglia, thalamus) and white matter.
Prevalence of dementia in late-stage HIV infection ranges from 7 to 27%, but 30 to 40% may have milder forms. Incidence is inversely proportional to CD4 count.
Symptoms and Signs of HIV-Associated Dementia
Symptoms and signs of HIV-associated dementia may be similar to those of other dementias Symptoms and Signs Dementia is chronic, global, usually irreversible deterioration of cognition. Diagnosis is clinical; laboratory and imaging tests are usually used to identify treatable causes. Treatment is... read more . Early manifestations include
Slowed thinking and expression
Difficulty concentrating
Apathy
Insight is preserved, and manifestations of depression are few. Motor movements are slowed; ataxia and weakness may be evident.
Abnormal neurologic signs may include
Paraparesis
Lower-extremity spasticity
Ataxia
Extensor-plantar responses
Mania or psychosis is sometimes present.
Diagnosis of HIV-Associated Dementia
Clinical evaluation
Measurement of CD4 count and HIV viral load
Prompt evaluation, including MRI and usually lumbar puncture, when deterioration is acute
HIV-associated dementia should be suspected in patients who have
Symptoms of dementia
Known HIV infection or symptoms or risk factors suggesting HIV infection
If patients known to have HIV infection have symptoms suggesting dementia, a general diagnosis of dementia Clinical criteria Dementia is chronic, global, usually irreversible deterioration of cognition. Diagnosis is clinical; laboratory and imaging tests are usually used to identify treatable causes. Treatment is... read more is confirmed based on the usual criteria, including the following:
Cognitive or behavioral (neuropsychiatric) symptoms interfere with the ability to function at work or do usual daily activities.
These symptoms represent a decline from previous levels of functioning.
These symptoms are not explained by delirium or a major psychiatric disorder.
Evaluation of cognitive function involves taking a history from the patient and from someone who knows the patient plus doing a bedside mental status examination How to Assess Mental Status The patient’s attention span is assessed first; an inattentive patient cannot cooperate fully and hinders testing. Any hint of cognitive decline requires examination of mental status ( Professional... read more or, if bedside testing is inconclusive, formal neuropsychologic testing Assessment of cognitive function Dementia is chronic, global, usually irreversible deterioration of cognition. Diagnosis is clinical; laboratory and imaging tests are usually used to identify treatable causes. Treatment is... read more .
If patients with symptoms of dementia are not known to have HIV infection but have risk factors for HIV infection, they are tested for HIV.
In patients with HIV infection or suspected HIV-associated dementia, CD4 count and HIV viral load are measured. In patients with suspected or confirmed HIV and dementia, these values help determine how likely HIV-associated dementia (and CNS lymphoma and other HIV-associated CNS infections) is to be contributing to dementia. In patients who have HIV infection but not dementia, these values help determine how likely HIV-associated dementia is to develop.
If patients have dementia and HIV infection, other processes can cause or contribute to worsening dementia symptoms. Thus, the cause of cognitive decline, particularly sudden, severe decline—whether due to HIV or another infection—must be identified as soon as possible.
MRI, with and without contrast, should be done to identify other causes of dementia, and if MRI does not identify any contraindication to lumbar puncture Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap) Lumbar puncture is used to do the following: Evaluate intracranial pressure and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition (see table Cerebrospinal Fluid Abnormalities in Various Disorders) Therapeutically... read more , lumbar puncture should also be done.
Late-stage findings of HIV-associated dementia may include diffuse nonenhancing white matter hyperintensities, cerebral atrophy, and ventricular enlargement.
Treatment of HIV-Associated Dementia
Antiretroviral therapy
The primary treatment of HIV-associated dementia is antiretroviral therapy Treatment Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection results from 1 of 2 similar retroviruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) that destroy CD4+ lymphocytes and impair cell-mediated immunity, increasing risk of certain... read more , which increases CD4 counts and improves cognitive function. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) Because disease-related complications can occur in untreated patients with high CD4 counts and because less toxic drugs have been developed, treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART) is now... read more 
(IRIS) may cause paradoxical worsening of neurologic and mental status when antiretroviral therapy is started; this problem should be anticipated and treated.
Supportive measures Treatment Dementia is chronic, global, usually irreversible deterioration of cognition. Diagnosis is clinical; laboratory and imaging tests are usually used to identify treatable causes. Treatment is... read more are similar to those for other dementias. For example, the environment should be bright, cheerful, and familiar, and it should be designed to reinforce orientation (eg, placement of large clocks and calendars in the room). Measures to ensure patient safety (eg, signal monitoring systems for patients who wander) should be implemented.
Symptoms are treated as necessary.
Prognosis for HIV-Associated Dementia
Patients with HIV infection and untreated dementia have a worse prognosis (average life expectancy of 6 months) than those without dementia.
End-of-life issues
Because insight and judgment deteriorate in patients with dementia, appointment of a family member, guardian, or lawyer to oversee finances may be necessary. Early in dementia, before the patient is incapacitated, the patient’s wishes about care should be clarified, and financial and legal arrangements (eg, durable power of attorney, durable power of attorney for health care Durable power of attorney for health care Advance directives are legal documents that extend a person's control over health care decisions in the event that the person becomes incapacitated. They are called advance directives because... read more ) should be made. When these documents are signed, the patient’s capacity Capacity (Competence) and Incapacity Historically, “incapacity” was considered primarily a clinical finding, and “incompetency” was considered a legal finding. That distinction, at least in terminology, is no longer firmly recognized... read more should be evaluated, and evaluation results recorded. Decisions about artificial feeding and treatment of acute disorders are best made before the need develops.
In advanced dementia, palliative measures Palliative Care and Hospice Dying patients can have needs that differ from those of other patients. So that their needs can be met, dying patients must first be identified. Before death, patients tend to follow 1 of 3... read more may be more appropriate than highly aggressive interventions or hospital care.
