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    Injuries and Poisoning
    Abdominal Injuries
    • Overview of Abdominal Injuries
      • Complications
        • Hematoma rupture
        • Intra-abdominal abscess
        • Intestinal obstruction
        • Abdominal compartment syndrome
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Liver Injury
      • Causes
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Spleen Injury
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    Altitude Illness
    • Altitude Illness
      • Risk factors
      • Acclimatization
      • Symptoms
        • Acute mountain sickness (AMS)
        • High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE)
        • High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)
        • Other symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • Prevention
        • Rate of ascent
        • Medications
        • General measures
    Bites and Stings
    • Jellyfish Stings
      • Treatment
        • Seabather's eruption
    • Octopus, Squid, Snail, and Other Mollusk Stings
      • Treatment
    • Sea Urchin Stings
    • Stingray Stings
      • Treatment
    • Mite Bites
      • Treatment
    • Introduction to Bites and Stings
    • Animal Bites
      • Treatment
    • Human Bites
      • Symptoms
      • Treatment
    • Snakebites
      • Symptoms
        • Pit vipers
        • Coral snakes
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Serum sickness
    • Lizard Bites
    • Spider Bites
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Bee, Wasp, Hornet, and Ant Stings
      • Symptoms
      • Treatment
    • Puss Moth Caterpillar Stings
      • Treatment
    • Insect Bites
      • Infectious Disease Spread by Insects
    • Tick Bites
      • Tick paralysis
      • Treatment
    • Centipede and Millipede Bites
    • Scorpion Stings
      • Treatment
    • Alligator, Crocodile, and Iguana Bites
      • Alligator and Crocodile Bites
      • Iguana Bites
    Burns
    • Chemical Burns
      • Symptoms
      • Treatment
    • Smoke Inhalation
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Burns
      • Classification
        • Burn depth
        • Burn severity
      • Symptoms
      • Complications
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Superficial minor burns
        • Deep minor burns
        • Severe burns
      • Prognosis
    Chest Injuries
    • Introduction to Chest Injuries
      • Causes
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Blunt Injury to the Heart
      • Commotio cordis
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Cardiac Tamponade
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Hemothorax
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Injury to the Aorta
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Pulmonary Contusion
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Traumatic Pneumothorax
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Tension Pneumothorax
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Open Pneumothorax
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Rib Fractures
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    Cold Injuries
    • Overview of Cold Injuries
      • Prevention
    • Hypothermia
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Treatment outside the hospital
        • Treatment in the hospital
      • Essentials for Older Adults: Adapting to Cold Temperatures
    • Nonfreezing Tissue Injuries
      • Frostnip
      • Immersion (trench) foot
      • Chilblains (pernio)
    • Frostbite
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Outside of the hospital
        • In the hospital
        • After hospital discharge
    Dislocations
    • Shoulder Dislocation
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Elbow Dislocations
      • Treatment
      • Radial Head Subluxation (Nursemaid's Elbow)
        • Symptoms
        • Diagnosis
        • Prevention
        • Treatment
    • Dislocations of Bones of the Hand
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Finger Dislocations
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Hip Dislocations
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Knee Dislocations
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Kneecap Dislocations
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Overview of Dislocations
      • Causes
      • Symptoms
      • Complications
        • Fractures
        • Blood vessel damage
        • Bleeding
        • Nerve damage
        • Infections
        • Joint problems
      • Diagnosis
        • Description of the injury
        • Physical examination
        • Tests
      • Treatment
        • Treatment of serious injuries
        • Pain relief
        • PRICE
        • Reduction
        • Immobilization
        • Surgery
      • Rehabilitation and Prognosis
    Diving and Compressed Air Injuries
    • Arterial Gas Embolism
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • More Information
    • Overview of Diving Injuries
      • Underwater pressure
      • Other diving-related disorders
      • More Information
    • Barotrauma
      • Pulmonary (lung) barotrauma
      • Symptoms
        • Pulmonary barotrauma
        • Mask barotrauma (mask squeeze)
        • Ear barotrauma (ear squeeze)
        • Sinus barotrauma (sinus squeeze)
        • Dental barotrauma (tooth squeeze)
        • Eye barotrauma (eye squeeze)
        • Gastrointestinal tract barotrauma (gut squeeze)
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • Prevention
      • More Information
    • Decompression Sickness
      • Symptoms
        • Type I decompression sickness (less severe)
        • Type II decompression sickness (more severe)
        • Late effects of decompression sickness
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Recompression therapy
      • Prevention
      • More Information
    • Immersion Pulmonary Edema
      • Prevention
      • More Information
    • Gas Toxicity During Diving
      • Oxygen Toxicity
      • Nitrogen Narcosis
      • Carbon Dioxide Toxicity
      • Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
      • High-Pressure Neurologic (Nervous System) Syndrome
      • More Information
    • Recompression Therapy
    • Diving Safety Precautions and Prevention of Diving Injuries
      • Safety Precautions
      • Medical Reasons A Person Should Not Dive
      • More Information
    Drowning
    • Drowning
      • Settings and activities that increase risk of drowning
      • Oxygen deprivation due to drowning
      • Effects of submersion in cold water
      • Symptoms
        • Complications of drowning
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Out of the hospital
        • In the hospital
      • Prognosis
      • Prevention
        • Water safety and children
        • Swimming safety
        • Other water safety measures
      • More Information
    Electrical and Lightning Injuries
    • Electrical Injuries
      • How electricity affects the body
      • Intensity of the current
      • Type of current
      • Pathway of the current
      • Duration of exposure
      • Resistance to the current
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • Prevention
      • More Information
    • Lightning Injuries
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • Prognosis
      • Prevention
      • More Information
    Eye Injuries
    • Black Eye
    • Hyphema
      • Treatment
    • Retinal Detachment Caused by Injury to the Eye
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Intraocular Foreign Bodies
      • Causes
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • Prevention
    • Overview of Eye Injuries
      • Causes
      • Evaluation
      • Prevention
    • Fractures of the Orbit
      • Blowout fracture
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Eyelid and Eyeball Lacerations
      • Eyelid Laceration
      • Eyeball Laceration
        • Diagnosis
        • Treatment
      • Prognosis
    • Corneal Abrasions and Corneal Foreign Bodies
      • Causes
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Corneal foreign bodies
        • Corneal abrasions
      • Prognosis
    • Burns to the Eye
      • Treatment
        • Chemical burns
        • Thermal burns
    • Traumatic Iritis and Chemical Iritis
      • Treatment
    Facial Injuries
    • Fractures of the Jaw and Midface
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Treatment of mandible fractures
        • Treatment of maxillary fractures
        • Treatment of tooth socket fractures
    • Ear Injury
      • Cauliflower ear (subperichondrial hematoma)
      • Cuts (lacerations)
      • Avulsions
      • Fractures
    • Temporal Bone Fracture
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Treatment of facial paralysis
        • Treatment of hearing loss
        • Treatment of vertigo
        • Treatment of cerebrospinal fluid leakage
    • Fractures of the Nose
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Treatment of pain and swelling
        • Treatment of hematomas
        • Treatment of fractures
    First Aid
    • Basic First Aid Supplies
      • More Information
    • Introduction to First Aid
    • Emergency First Aid Priorities
    • Choking
      • First Aid for Choking
    • Internal Bleeding
      • First Aid for Internal Bleeding
    • Wounds
      • First Aid for Wounds
    • Soft-Tissue Injuries
      • First Aid for Soft-Tissue Injuries
    • Severed or Constricted Limbs or Digits
    Fractures
    • Growth Plate Fractures
      • Causes
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Upper Arm Fractures
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Elbow Fractures
      • Lower Humeral Fractures
        • Symptoms
        • Diagnosis
        • Treatment
      • Fractures of Part of the Elbow
        • Symptoms
        • Diagnosis
        • Treatment
      • Fractures of the Upper Forearm
        • Symptoms
        • Diagnosis
        • Treatment
    • Fractures of the Palm
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Finger Fractures
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Ankle Fractures
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Fractures of the Heel Bone
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Toe Fractures
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Sesamoid Fractures
      • Treatment
    • Metatarsal Fractures
      • Stress Fractures of the Metatarsals
        • Symptoms
        • Diagnosis
        • Treatment
      • Lisfranc Fracture-Dislocation
        • Symptoms
        • Diagnosis
        • Treatment
      • Fractures of the 5th Metatarsal Bone
      • Fractures of the base
      • Fractures of the shaft
    • Compartment Syndrome
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Middle Forearm Fractures
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Overview of Fractures
      • How bones heal
      • Causes
      • Symptoms
      • Complications
        • Blood vessel damage
        • Nerve damage
        • Pulmonary embolism
        • Fat embolism
        • Compartment syndrome
        • Infections
        • Joint problems
        • Uneven limbs
        • Problems with healing
        • Osteonecrosis
      • Diagnosis
        • Description of the injury
        • Physical examination
        • Tests
        • Types of fractures
      • Treatment
        • Treatment of children
        • Treatment of serious injuries
        • Pain relief
        • PRICE
        • Reduction
        • Immobilization
        • Surgery
      • Rehabilitation and Prognosis
    • Foot Fractures
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Leg Fractures
      • Thighbone (Femur) Fractures
        • Symptoms
        • Diagnosis
        • Treatment
    • Hip Fractures
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Hip repair
        • Hip replacement
    • Pelvic Fractures
      • Causes
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Compression Fractures of the Spine
      • Symptoms
        • Other injuries
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Procedures
    • Collarbone Fractures
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Wrist Fractures
      • Fractures of the Lower Forearm
        • Symptoms
        • Diagnosis
        • Treatment
      • Scaphoid Fractures
        • Symptoms
        • Diagnosis
        • Treatment
    • Hand Fractures
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    Head Injuries
    • Overview of Head Injuries
      • Causes
      • Symptoms
        • Minor head injury
        • Severe head injury
      • Diagnosis
        • Minor head injury
        • Severe head injury
      • Treatment
        • Minor head injury
        • Severe head injury
      • Prognosis
        • Minor head injury
        • Severe head injury
    • Brain Contusions and Lacerations
    • Concussion
      • More Information
    • Diffuse Axonal Injury
    • Intracranial Hematomas
      • Epidural Hematomas
      • Subdural Hematomas
        • Symptoms
        • Diagnosis
        • Treatment
      • Intracerebral Hematomas
    • Skull Fracture
      • Skull fractures in infants
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Fractures at the base of the skull
        • Depressed skull fractures
        • Skull fractures in children
    • Sports-Related Concussion
      • Repeat injury
      • Second-impact syndrome
      • Symptoms
        • Postconcussion syndrome
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Return to play
    Heat Disorders
    • Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Serotonin Syndrome
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Malignant Hyperthermia
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • Prevention
    • Overview of Heat Disorders
      • Temperature regulation
      • Heat disorders
      • Other temperature-regulation disorders
      • Causes
        • Risk factors for heat disorders
      • Prevention
        • Exertion in the heat
    • Heat Cramps
    • Heat Exhaustion
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Heatstroke
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • Prognosis
    Injury to the Urinary Tract and Genitals
    • Overview of Urinary Tract and Genital Injury
    • Bladder Injuries
      • Complications
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Kidney Injuries
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Ureteral Injuries
      • Complications
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Urethral Injuries
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Genital Injuries
      • Cuts to the penis
      • Fracture of the penis
      • Injury of the scrotum and testes
    Mass-Casualty Weapons
    • Anticholinergic Chemical-Warfare Agents
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Blistering Agents in Chemical Warfare
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Incendiary Agents and Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Nerve Chemical-Warfare Agents
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Pulmonary Chemical-Warfare Agents
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Riot-Control Chemical Agents
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • More Information
    • Systemic Asphyxiant Chemical-Warfare Agents
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Overview of Incidents Involving Mass-Casualty Weapons
      • Initial Approach
      • Preparedness
      • Recognition
      • Assessment and triage
      • Treatment
    • Overview of Chemical-Warfare Agents
    • Toxins as Weapons
      • Botulinum Toxin
      • Ricin and Abrin
      • Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B
    • Biological Weapons
      • Recognition
      • Response
      • More Information
    • Radiological Weapons
    • Explosives and Blast Injuries
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    Motion Sickness
    • Motion Sickness
      • Risk factors
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Prevention and Treatment
    Poisoning
    • Hydrocarbon Poisoning
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • More Information
    • Lead Poisoning
      • Sources of lead
      • Effects of lead on the body
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Prevention
      • Treatment
      • More Information
    • Mushroom (Toadstool) Poisoning
      • Early gastrointestinal symptoms
      • Early symptoms that affect the brain and spine
      • Early symptoms caused by muscarine-containing mushrooms
      • Delayed gastrointestinal and other symptoms
      • More Information
    • Plant and Shrub Poisoning
      • Castor and jequirity beans
      • Hemlock
      • Oleander, foxglove, and lily of the valley
      • More Information
    • Fish and Shellfish Poisoning
      • Ciguatera poisoning
      • Tetrodotoxin poisoning
      • Scombroid poisoning
      • Shellfish poisoning
    • Overview of Food Poisoning
      • Treatment
    • Overview of Poisoning
      • Accidental poisoning
      • Deliberate poisoning
      • Symptoms
      • First Aid for Poisoning
      • Diagnosis
        • Drug testing
      • Prevention
      • Treatment
        • Provide supportive care
        • Remove poison from the eyes and skin
        • Prevent absorption of poison
        • Increase elimination of poison
        • Antidotes
        • Mental health evaluation
      • More Information
    • Acetaminophen Poisoning
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • More Information
    • Aspirin Poisoning
      • Acute aspirin poisoning
      • Gradual aspirin poisoning
      • Poisoning with salicylates other than aspirin
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • More Information
    • Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Prevention
      • Treatment
      • More Information
    • Caustic Chemicals Poisoning
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • More Information
    • Insecticide Poisoning
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • More Information
    • Iron Poisoning
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • More Information
    Radiation Injury
    • Radiation Injury
      • Measurement of radiation
      • Contamination vs irradiation
      • Sources of Radiation Exposure
        • Background radiation
        • Human-made radiation
      • Effects of Radiation
        • Radiation and children
        • Radiation and cancer
        • Radiation and inherited defects
      • Symptoms
        • Acute radiation illness
        • Local radiation injury
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • Prevention
      • Prognosis
    Spinal Injuries
    • Spinal Cord Injury in Children
      • Causes
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Injuries of the Spinal Cord and Vertebrae
      • Symptoms
        • Complications of spinal cord injury
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • Prognosis
      • More Information
    Sports Injuries
    • Rotator Cuff Injury/Subacromial Bursitis
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Glenoid Labral Tear
    • Lateral Epicondylitis
      • Causes
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Medial Epicondylitis
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Piriformis Syndrome
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Pain in the Front of the Knee
      • Runner’s knee
      • Excessive pronation
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Shin Splints
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Stress Fractures of the Foot
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Jersey Finger
      • Causes
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Turf Toe
      • Causes
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Overview of Sports Injuries
      • Overuse
      • Blunt trauma
      • Fractures and dislocations
      • Sprains and strains
      • Children and sports injuries
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Initial treatment
        • Rehabilitation
      • Prevention
    • Shoulder Injuries
    • Elbow Injuries
    • Hamstring Injury
      • Treatment
    Sprains and Other Soft-Tissue Injuries
    • Shoulder Sprains
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Thumb Sprains
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Mallet Finger
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Knee Extensor Injuries
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Ankle Sprains
      • Symptoms
        • Mild
        • Moderate
        • Severe
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • Mild sprains
      • Moderate sprains
      • Severe sprains
      • High ankle sprains
    • Achilles Tendon Tears
      • Causes
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Knee Sprains and Related Injuries
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Stress testing
      • Imaging tests
      • Treatment
    • Overview of Sprains and Other Soft-Tissue Injuries
      • Causes
      • Symptoms
      • Complications
        • Bleeding
        • Blood vessel damage
        • Nerve damage
        • Joint problems
        • Compartment syndrome
      • Diagnosis
        • Description of the injury
        • Physical examination
        • Tests
      • Treatment
        • Treatment of serious injuries
        • Pain relief
        • PRICE
        • Immobilization
        • Surgery
      • Rehabilitation and Prognosis
    • Biceps Tendon Tears
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
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