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Merck Manual
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MEDICAL TOPICS
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Injuries; Poisoning
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Approach to the Trauma Patient
Approach to the Trauma Patient
General reference
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Evaluation and Treatment
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Disability (neurologic dysfunction)
Exposure/environmental control
Secondary survey
Testing
Evaluation and treatment references
More Information
Abdominal Trauma
Overview of Abdominal Trauma
Etiology
Classification
Associated injuries
Etiology references
Pathophysiology
Complications
Abdominal compartment syndrome
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Inspection
Palpation
Diagnosis
Penetrating abdominal trauma
Blunt abdominal trauma
Recognizing complications of abdominal trauma
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Observation
Laparotomy
Angiographic embolization
Treatment references
Key Points
Hepatic Injury
Etiology
Classification
Pathophysiology
Complications
Pathophysiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Splenic Injury
Etiology
Classification
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Altitude Illness
Altitude Illness
Risk factors
References
Pathophysiology
Acclimatization
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Acute mountain sickness (AMS)
High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE)
High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)
Other manifestations
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Acute mountain sickness (AMS)
High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) and high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)
Treatment references
Prevention
Ascent
Medications
Prevention references
Key Points
More Information
Bites and Stings
Centipede and Millipede Bites
Human and Mammal Bites
Infection
Reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Wound care
Antimicrobials
Key Points
Treatment reference
Insect Stings
References
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Prevention reference
Key Points
Puss Moth Caterpillar (Asp) Stings
Treatment
Overview of Marine Bites and Stings
Mite Bites
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Scorpion Stings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Snakebites
References
Pathophysiology
Pit vipers
Elapids
Symptoms and Signs
Pit vipers
Elapids
Diagnosis
Snake identification
Severity of envenomation
Treatment
General approach
Antivenom
Adjunctive measures
Treatment reference
Key Points
Alligator, Crocodile, Iguana, and Venomous Lizard Bites
Venomous lizards
Iguanas
Alligators and crocodiles
References
Spider Bites
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Tick Bites
Diagnosis
Treatment
Other Arthropod Bites
Treatment
Cnidaria (Coelenterates, such as Jellyfish and Sea Anemones) Stings
Symptoms and Signs
Treatment
Seabather’s eruption
Treatment reference
Mollusk Stings
Cone snails
Conus californicus
Octopi
Squid
Sea Urchin Stings
Treatment
Treatment reference
Stingray Stings
Symptoms and Signs
Treatment
Tick Paralysis
Treatment
Burns
Burns
Reference
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Burn depth
Complications
Systemic burn complications
Local burn complications
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Initial treatment
Intravenous fluids
Initial wound care
Supportive measures
Hospitalization and referral
Infection
Surgery
Physical and occupational therapy
Outpatient burn treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Smoke Inhalation
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Cold Injury
Overview of Cold Injury
Prevention
Reference
Nonfreezing Tissue Injuries
Frostnip
Immersion (trench) foot
Chilblains (pernio)
References
Frostbite
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prehospital care
Acute care
Ongoing care
Treatment references
Key Points
Hypothermia
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Passive rewarming
Active rewarming
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
Treatment references
Prognosis
Key Points
Dislocations
Shoulder Dislocations
Anterior Shoulder Dislocations
General references
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Posterior Shoulder Dislocations
Posterior shoulder dislocations reference
Inferior Shoulder Dislocations
Inferior shoulder dislocations reference
Elbow Dislocations
Treatment
Key Points
Radial Head Subluxations
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Perilunate and Lunate Dislocations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Finger Dislocations
Dorsal dislocations
Lateral dislocations
Volar dislocations
Key Points
Hip Dislocations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Dislocated prosthetic hip
Dislocated prosthetic hip reference
Key Points
Knee (Tibiofemoral) Dislocations
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Key Points
Patellar Dislocations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Overview of Dislocations
Complications
General reference
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Imaging
Treatment
Initial treatment
Reduction
PRICE
Immobilization
Treatment reference
Geriatrics Essentials
Key Points
Drowning
Drowning
References
Pathophysiology
Hypoxia
Hypothermia
Fluid aspiration
Dangerous underwater breath-holding behaviors (DUBBs)
Associated injuries
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Resuscitation after drowning
Hospital care for drowning patients
Discharge of drowning patients
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prevention
Drugs, alcohol, and drowning
Swimming safety
Water safety for children
Boating safety
Special populations at risk for drowning
Key Points
Electrical and Lightning Injuries
Electrical Injuries
Pathophysiology
Kouwenhoven’s factors
Electrical field strength
Types of injury
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Treatment
General care
Prehospital care
Severe injuries or shock
Cardiac risk factors
Mild burn injuries
Treatment references
Prevention
Key Points
Lightning Injuries
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Key Points
Eye Trauma
Overview of Eye Trauma
Ocular Burns
Thermal burns
Chemical burns
References
Key Points
More Information
Corneal Abrasions and Corneal Foreign Bodies
References
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Corneal abrasions
Treatment references
Key Points
Eyelid Contusions and Lacerations
Eyelid injuries
Eyelid lacerations
References
Key Points
Posttraumatic Iridocyclitis
Globe Injury
Intraocular Foreign Bodies
Hyphema (Anterior Chamber Hemorrhage)
Blowout Fracture
Orbital Compartment Syndrome
References
Key Points
Facial Trauma
External Ear Trauma
Subperichondrial hematoma (cauliflower ear)
Lacerations
Avulsions
Trauma secondary to mandibular fractures
Fractures of the Mandible and Midface
Diagnosis
Treatment
Tooth socket fractures
Mandible fractures
Midface fractures
Fractures of the Nose
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Temporal Bone Fractures
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Fractures
Overview of Fractures
Pathophysiology
Healing
Complications
Complications references
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Imaging
Fracture description
Evaluation references
Treatment
Initial treatment
Reduction
PRICE
Immobilization
Other procedures
Treatment references
Geriatrics Essentials
Key Points
Pediatric Physeal (Growth Plate) Fractures
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Clavicle Fractures
Etiology
Classification
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Proximal Humeral Fractures
Etiology
Classification
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Distal Humeral Fractures
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Radial Head Fractures
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Distal Radius Fractures
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Scaphoid (Navicular) Fractures
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Key Points
Metacarpal Neck Fractures
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Fingertip Fractures
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Nail bed injury
Key Points
Vertebral Compression Fractures
Reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Pelvic Fractures
Pathophysiology
Complications
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Hip Fractures
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Femoral Neck Fractures
Intertrochanteric fractures
Treatment references
Key Points
Femoral Shaft Fractures
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Ankle Fractures
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Calcaneal Fractures
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Fracture-Dislocation of the Midfoot (Lisfranc Injury)
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Key Points
Fractures of the 5th Metatarsal Bone
Fractures of the 5th Metatarsal Diaphysis
Treatment
Fractures of the 5th Metatarsal Base
Treatment
Toe Fractures
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Compartment Syndrome
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Ulnar and Radial Shaft Fractures
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Isolated Olecranon Fractures
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Genitourinary Tract Trauma
Renal Trauma
General reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Ureteral Trauma
General reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Urethral Trauma
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Bladder Trauma
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis References
Treatment
Key Points
Genital Trauma
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Heat Illness
Overview of Heat Illness
References
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology references
Etiology
Etiology reference
Prevention
Hydration and electrolyte replacement
Acclimatization
Moderation of activity level
References
Key Points
Heat Cramps
Reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Heat Exhaustion
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Heatstroke
References
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Cooling techniques
Other measures
Treatment references
Prognosis
Key Points
Malignant Hyperthermia
Reference
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology references
Complications
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Susceptibility testing
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Prevention
Key Points
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
References
Etiology
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Serotonin Syndrome
Reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
How To Care for Wounds and Lacerations
How To Cleanse, Irrigate, Debride, and Dress Wounds
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Preliminary tasks
Local infiltration anesthesia
Wound cleansing
Wound exploration
Wound debridement
Wound closure
Wound dressing
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
How To Repair a Laceration With Simple Interrupted Sutures
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Handling the instruments
Inserting the sutures
The instrument tie
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
How To Repair a Laceration With Buried Deep Dermal Sutures
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
How To Repair a Laceration With Tissue Adhesive
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
How To Repair a Laceration With Horizontal Mattress Sutures
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Horizontal mattress suture
Half-buried horizontal mattress suture
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
How To Repair a Laceration With Stapling
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
References
How To Repair a Laceration With a Subcuticular Running Suture
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
For closures that will require suture removal
For closures that will not require suture removal
Aftercare
Tips and Tricks
How To Repair a Laceration With Vertical Mattress Sutures
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Vertical mattress suture
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
How To Do Anesthesia Procedures
How To Do a Digital Nerve Block
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Bilateral dorsal injections (traditional ring block)
Single volar injection
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tricks and Tips
References
How To Do a Radial Nerve Block
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Radial nerve block, ultrasound-guided
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tricks and Tips
How To Do an Ulnar Nerve Block
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Ulnar nerve block, ultrasound-guided
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tricks and Tips
How To Do an Infraorbital Nerve Block, Percutaneous
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tricks and Tips
How To Do an Ophthalmic Nerve Block
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tricks and Tips
How To Do a Median Nerve Block
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Median nerve block, ultrasound-guided
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tricks and Tips
How To Do Local Wound Infiltration
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Tips and Tricks
How To Do Procedural Sedation and Analgesia
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
PSA medications
Additional Considerations
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tricks and Tips
References
More Information
How To Do an Ultrasound-Guided Peripheral Nerve Block
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
References
How To Do Casting Procedures
How To Apply a Cast
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
References
How To Apply a Short Arm Cast
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
References
How To Apply a Short Leg Cast
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
References
How To Fit and Walk With Underarm Crutches
Indications
Contraindications*
Complications
Equipment
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Fitting Underarm Crutches
Step-by-Step Description of Non–Weight-Bearing Crutch Walking
Step-by-Step Description of Sitting On and Arising From a Chair
Step-by-Step Description of Walking Up Stairs Using Crutches
Step-by-Step Description of Walking Down Stairs Using Crutches
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
References
How To Remove a Cast
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
How To Do Other Orthopedic Procedures
How To Measure Compartment Pressure in a Forearm
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Prepare the equipment
General steps for all compartments
Specific steps for the volar compartment
Specific steps for the dorsal compartment
Specific steps for the mobile wad compartment
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
How To Measure Compartment Pressure in the Lower Leg
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Prepare the equipment
General steps for all compartments
Specific steps for the anterior compartment
Specific steps for the deep posterior compartment
Specific steps for the lateral compartment
Specific steps for the superficial posterior compartment
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
References
How To Remove a Ring Using the String Method
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
References
How To Remove a Ring Using a Manual Ring Cutter
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
References
How To Reduce Dislocations and Subluxations
How To Reduce Anterior Shoulder Dislocations Using External Rotation (Hennepin Technique)
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
References
How To Reduce Anterior Shoulder Dislocations Using Scapular Manipulation
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
References
How To Reduce Anterior Shoulder Dislocations Using the Stimson Technique
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
Reference
How To Reduce Anterior Shoulder Dislocations Using Traction-Countertraction
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
Reference
How To Reduce Posterior Shoulder Dislocations
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
Reference
How To Reduce a Radial Head Subluxation (Nursemaid Elbow)
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Tips and Tricks
Overview of Shoulder Dislocation Reduction Techniques
References
How To Reduce Anterior Shoulder Dislocations Using the Davos Technique
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
References
How To Reduce Anterior Shoulder Dislocations Using the FARES Method
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
Reference
How To Reduce a Posterior Elbow Dislocation
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Tips and Tricks
How To Reduce a Posterior Hip Dislocation
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Tips and Tricks
References
How To Reduce a Lateral Patellar Dislocation
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
References
How To Reduce an Ankle Dislocation
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
How To Do Skin, Soft Tissue, and Minor Surgical Procedures
How To Incise and Drain an Abscess
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Antibiotics
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
References
How To Debride and Dress a Burn
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Initial care of all burn wounds
Definitive burn wound care
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
References
How To Do Burn Escharotomy
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Limbs
Chest
Neck
Penis
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
References
How To Remove a Deep Fishhook
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
References
How To Remove a Shallow Fishhook
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
For the simple straight pull (string method)
For the needle cover method
After removing the hook
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
How To Treat an Ingrown Toenail
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
For all procedures
To splint the nail
To remove a nail spicule
To remove all or part of the main part of the toenail
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
How To Do Nail Trephination
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Reference
How To Remove a Tick
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Prophylactic antibiotics
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
References
How To Splint or Immobilize a Lower Limb
How To Apply a Femoral Traction Splint
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
Reference
How To Apply a Knee Immobilizer
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
How To Apply a Posterior Ankle Splint
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
How To Apply a Sugar-Tong Ankle Splint
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
How To Buddy-Tape Toes
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
How To Splint or Immobilize an Upper Limb
How To Apply a Fixed Finger Splint
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Position of Joint
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
How To Apply a Long Arm Splint
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
How To Apply a Shoulder Sling and Swathe
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
How To Apply a Sugar Tong Arm Splint
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
How To Apply a Thumb Spica Splint
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
How To Apply an Ulnar Gutter Splint
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
How To Apply a Volar Arm Splint
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
How To Buddy-Tape Fingers
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
References
Injury During Diving or Work in Compressed Air
Overview of Diving Injuries
Reference
Overview of Barotrauma
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
More Information
Arterial Gas Embolism
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
More Information
Immersion Pulmonary Edema
References
Prevention
More Information
Decompression Sickness
Risk factors for decompression sickness
Classification of decompression sickness
References
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Prevention
Key Points
More Information
Gas Toxicity During Diving
Oxygen toxicity
Nitrogen narcosis
Carbon dioxide poisoning
Carbon monoxide poisoning
High-pressure neurologic syndrome
References
More Information
Recompression Therapy
Recompression protocols
Complications of recompression therapy
Contraindications to recompression therapy
Key Points
Diving Precautions and Prevention of Diving Injuries
Safety precautions
Contraindications to diving
More Information
Ear and Sinus Barotrauma
References
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Prevention
Key Points
More Information
Pulmonary Barotrauma
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Prevention references
Key Points
More Information
Gastrointestinal Barotrauma
More Information
Reference
Dental, Mask, and Eye Barotrauma
Treatment
Lacerations and Abrasions
Skin Lacerations
Physiology
Physiology references
Evaluation
Associated injuries
Imaging of lacerations
Evaluation references
Treatment
Cleansing lacerations
Local anesthesia for laceration treatment
Exploration of lacerations
Debridement of lacerations
Closure of lacerations
Materials and methods for laceration repair
Suture technique for laceration repair
Aftercare
Treatment references
Abrasions
Treatment
Mass-Casualty Weapons
Anticholinergic Chemical-Warfare Compounds
General reference
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Triage
Treatment
Treatment references
Incendiary Chemical-Warfare Agents and Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Triage
Treatment
Treatment references
Nerve Chemical-Warfare Agents
General references
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Triage
Treatment
Decontamination
Pharmacotherapy
Treatment references
Prevention
Prevention reference
Pulmonary Chemical-Warfare Agents
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Triage
Treatment
Treatment references
Riot-Control Chemical Agents
General reference
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Triage
Treatment
Systemic Asphyxiant Chemical-Warfare Agents
General reference
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Triage
Treatment
Treatment references
Vesicant Chemical-Warfare Agents
General references
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Triage
Treatment
Overview of Incidents Involving Mass-Casualty Weapons
Exposure
General references
Initial Approach
Preparedness
Recognition
Primary assessment and triage
Secondary assessment
Initial approach references
Treatment
Treatment references
Overview of Chemical-Warfare Agents
Classification
Reference
Toxins as Mass-Casualty Weapons
General reference
Botulinum Toxin
Botulinum toxin reference
Ricin and Abrin
Ricin and abrin reference
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB)
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B reference
Biological Agents as Weapons
General reference
Recognition
Recognition reference
Response
Response reference
More Information
Radiological Weapons
General reference
Explosives and Blast Injuries
General reference
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Triage
Treatment
Treatment reference
Motion Sickness
Motion Sickness
Reference
Etiology
Risk factors
References
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Scopolamine
Antihistamines
Antidopaminergic medications
Benzodiazepines
Serotonin antagonists
Nonpharmacologic measures
Alternative therapies
Treatment references
Key Points
Poisoning
General Principles of Poisoning
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and Signs Reference
Diagnosis
Laboratory testing
Treatment
Initial stabilization
Topical decontamination
Activated charcoal
Gastric emptying
Whole-bowel irrigation
Urine alkalinization
Dialysis
Specific antidotes
Chelation
Ongoing supportive measures
Hospital admission
Treatment references
Prevention
Key Points
More Information
Acetaminophen Poisoning
Pathophysiology
Acute Acetaminophen Poisoning
IV acetaminophen
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Key Points
Chronic Acetaminophen Poisoning
Diagnosis
Treatment
Aspirin and Other Salicylate Poisoning
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Reference
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Prevention
Key Points
Caustic Ingestion
References
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Mushroom Poisoning
Early gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms
Early neurologic symptoms
Early muscarinic symptoms
Delayed GI symptoms
Delayed muscular symptoms
Delayed neurologic syndromes
References
Fish Poisoning and Shellfish Poisoning
Ciguatera fish poisoning
Scombroid fish poisoning
Tetrodotoxin poisoning
Shellfish poisoning
References
Hydrocarbon Poisoning
Reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Organophosphate Poisoning and Carbamate Poisoning
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Acute
Delayed
Diagnosis
Treatment
In-hospital treatment
Out-of-hospital exposure
Key Points
Iron Poisoning
Reference
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Lead Poisoning
References
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
In children
In adults
In children and adults
Diagnosis
Provocative testing
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Regimens
Medications
Lower lead levels
Treatment reference
Screening
Prevention
Key Points
Symptoms and Treatment of Specific Poisons
More Information
Plant Poisoning
Castor beans and jequirity beans
Oleander and foxglove
Hemlock
References
Radiation Exposure and Contamination
Radiation Exposure and Contamination
Types of radiation
Measurement of radiation
Types of exposure
Sources of exposure
References
Pathophysiology
Factors affecting response
Carcinogenic, teratogenic, and heritable effects
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Acute radiation syndromes (ARS)
Focal radiation injury
Diagnosis
Radioactive contamination
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Preparation
Identification of contamination
External decontamination
Internal decontamination
Specific management
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prevention
Prevention of Radiation Exposure and Contamination in Patients
Prevention of Radiation Exposure and Contamination in Medical Personnel
Public response
Preventive medications
Prevention references
Spinal Trauma
Spinal Trauma
Etiology
Spinal cord injury
Vertebral injury
Cauda equina injury
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Complete cord injury
Incomplete cord injury
Cauda equina lesions
Complications of spinal cord injury
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Nerve studies
Imaging
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Immediate care
Long-term care after spinal cord injury
Investigational treatments
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Spinal Cord Injury in Children
References
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Sports Injury
Approach to Sports Injuries
Overuse injuries
Blunt trauma
Sprains and strains
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
PRICE
Pain control
Activity
Treatment reference
Prevention
Prevention reference
Rotator Cuff Injury/Subacromial Bursitis
Etiology
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Glenoid Labral Tear
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Lateral Epicondylitis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Medial Epicondylitis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Piriformis Syndrome
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Knee Pain
Etiology
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Stress Fractures
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Hamstring Strain
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Shin Splints
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Flexor Digitorum Profundus (FDP) Avulsion
General reference
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
First Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) Joint Sprain
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Key Points
Sprains and Other Soft-Tissue Injuries
Knee Sprains and Meniscal Injuries
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Stress testing
Imaging
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Acromioclavicular Joint Sprains
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Ulnar Collateral Ligament Sprains
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Mallet Finger
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Knee Extensor Mechanism Injuries
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Ankle Sprains
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Imaging
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Key Points
Achilles Tendon Tears
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment reference
Overview of Sprains and Other Soft-Tissue Injuries
Pathophysiology
Sprains and strains
Tendon injuries
Healing
Complications
Pathophysiology reference
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Imaging
Evaluation references
Treatment
Initial treatment
PRICE
Immobilization
Surgery
Treatment references
Geriatrics Essentials
Key Points
Biceps Tendon Tears
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Thoracic Trauma
Aortic Disruption (Traumatic)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Blunt Cardiac Injury
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Cardiac Tamponade
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Flail Chest
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Hemothorax
Diagnosis
Treatment
Pneumothorax (Open)
Diagnosis
Treatment
Pneumothorax (Traumatic)
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Pneumothorax (Tension)
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Pulmonary Contusion
Diagnosis
Treatment
Rib Fracture
Complications
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Overview of Thoracic Trauma
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Complications
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Initial evaluation
Imaging
Laboratory and other testing
Treatment
Treatment references
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Pathology
Concussion
Brain contusions
Diffuse axonal injury
Hematomas
Skull fractures
Pathology reference
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms of specific types of TBI
Diagnosis
Initial measures
Complete clinical evaluation
Neuroimaging
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Mild traumatic brain injury
Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury
Increased intracranial pressure
Seizures
Other critical care issues in TBI
Skull fractures
Surgery for intracranial hematomas
Rehabilitation
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Sports-Related Concussion
Repeat injury
Second-impact syndrome
References
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Return to play
Treatment references
Prognosis
Key Points
